User menu

Accès à distance ? S'identifier sur le proxy UCLouvain

Current Understanding of Ti Anodisation : Functional, Morphological, Chemical and Mechanical Aspects

Primary tabs

Vanhumbeeck, J. -F. [UCL] Proost, Joris [UCL]

This paper provides an overview of the current understanding of the Ti anodisation process. As compared to other valve-metals, Ti exhibits several significant differences regarding its anodisation behaviour, the most important one being the marked semiconducting character of its anodic oxide. In the first part of this paper, a general introduction to anodisation processes is given and theoretical models describing the growth kinetics, breakdown and internal stress development in anodic oxide films are presented. In the second part, the peculiarities of Ti regarding the anodisation behaviour are discussed extensively. In particular, the influence of the main experimental parameters (metal substrate, electrolyte and growth rate) on both the anodisation process and the functional, morphological, chemical and mechanical characteristics of the anodic films is reviewed.

Document type Article de périodique (Journal article) – Synthèse de littérature
Access type Accès restreint
Publication date 2009
Language Anglais
Journal information "Corrosion Reviews" - Vol. 27, no. 3, p. 117-204 (2009)
Peer reviewed yes
Publisher Freund Publishing House Ltd (Tel Aviv)
issn 0334-6005
Publication status Publié
Affiliation UCL - FSA/MAPR - Département des sciences des matériaux et des procédés
Keywords anodisation ; titanium ; anodic oxide ; valve-metal oxide
Links
  1. Lohrengel M.M., Thin anodic oxide layers on aluminium and other valve metals: high field regime, 10.1016/0927-796x(93)90005-n
  2. Yahalom J., Hoar T.P., Galvanostatic anodizing of aluminium, 10.1016/0013-4686(70)80030-5
  3. Pringle J.P.S., The anodic oxidation of superimposed metallic layers: theory, 10.1016/0013-4686(80)87157-x
  4. Habazaki H., Uozumi M., Konno H., Shimizu K., Skeldon P., Thompson G.E., Crystallization of anodic titania on titanium and its alloys, 10.1016/s0010-938x(03)00040-4
  5. Leach J.S.L., Pearson B.R., Crystallization in anodic oxide films, 10.1016/0010-938x(88)90005-4
  6. Masuda H., Fukuda K., Ordered Metal Nanohole Arrays Made by a Two-Step Replication of Honeycomb Structures of Anodic Alumina, 10.1126/science.268.5216.1466
  7. Macak Jan M., Sirotna K., Schmuki P., Self-organized porous titanium oxide prepared in Na2SO4/NaF electrolytes, 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.01.014
  8. Kunze J., Electrochem. Solid St. Lett., 11 (2008)
  9. Taveira L. V., Macák J. M., Tsuchiya H., Dick L. F. P., Schmuki P., Initiation and Growth of Self-Organized TiO[sub 2] Nanotubes Anodically Formed in NH[sub 4]F∕(NH[sub 4])[sub 2]SO[sub 4] Electrolytes, 10.1149/1.2008980
  10. Taveira L. V., Macak J. M., Sirotna K., Dick L. F. P., Schmuki P., Voltage Oscillations and Morphology during the Galvanostatic Formation of Self-Organized TiO[sub 2] Nanotubes, 10.1149/1.2172566
  11. Feng X.J., Macak J.M., Albu S.P., Schmuki P., Electrochemical formation of self-organized anodic nanotube coating on Ti–28Zr–8Nb biomedical alloy surface, 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.08.005
  12. Mor G.K., Varghese Oomman K., Paulose Maggie, Mukherjee Niloy, Grimes Craig A., Fabrication of tapered, conical-shaped titania nanotubes, 10.1557/jmr.2003.0362
  13. Mor Gopal K., Varghese Oomman K., Paulose Maggie, Shankar Karthik, Grimes Craig A., A review on highly ordered, vertically oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays: Fabrication, material properties, and solar energy applications, 10.1016/j.solmat.2006.04.007
  14. Joo Sungwook, Muto Izumi, Hara Nobuyoshi, In Situ Ellipsometric Analysis of Growth Processes of Anodic TiO[sub 2] Nanotube Films, 10.1149/1.2837859
  15. Richter C., Panaitescu E., Willey R., Menon L., Titania nanotubes prepared by anodization in fluorine-free acids, 10.1557/jmr.2007.0203
  16. Rysselberghe Pierre Van, Johansen Herman A., Electrochemical Kinetics of the Anodic Formation of Oxide Films, 10.1149/1.2427345
  17. Ammar I.A., Kamal I., Kinetics of anodic oxide-film growth on titanium—I. Acid media, 10.1016/0013-4686(71)80024-5
  18. Lohrengel M.M., Formation of ionic space charge layers in oxide films on valve metals, 10.1016/0013-4686(94)e0046-3
  19. Chao C. Y., A Point Defect Model for Anodic Passive Films, 10.1149/1.2127591
  20. Garcia-Vergara S.J., Skeldon P., Thompson G.E., Habazaki H., A flow model of porous anodic film growth on aluminium, 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.05.054
  21. Houser Jerrod E., Hebert Kurt R., Stress-driven transport in ordered porous anodic films, 10.1002/pssa.200779407
  22. Macdonald Digby D., Theory of Steady-State Passive Films, 10.1149/1.2086949
  23. Pyun Su-Il, Hong Moon-Hee, A model describing the growth kinetics of passivating oxide film prepared under potentiostatic conditions, 10.1016/0013-4686(92)85019-h
  24. Krishnamurthy Balaji, White Ralph E., Ploehn Harry J., Non-equilibrium point defect model for time-dependent passivation of metal surfaces, 10.1016/s0013-4686(01)00627-2
  25. Krishnamurthy Balaji, White Ralph E., Ploehn Harry J., Electric field strength effects on time-dependent passivation of metal surfaces, 10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00110-x
  26. Krishnamurthy Balaji, White Ralph E., Ploehn Harry J., Simplified point defect model for growth of anodic passive films on iron, 10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00274-8
  27. Bojinov M., The ability of a surface charge approach to describe barrier film growth on tungsten in acidic solutions, 10.1016/s0013-4686(97)00037-6
  28. Battaglia Vincent, Modeling of a Growing Oxide Film: The Iron/Iron Oxide System, 10.1149/1.2048591
  29. Cabrera N, Mott N F, Theory of the oxidation of metals, 10.1088/0034-4885/12/1/308
  30. Bean C. P., Fisher J. C., Vermilyea D. A., Ionic Conductivity of Tantalum Oxide at Very High Fields, 10.1103/physrev.101.551
  31. Young L., Models for Ionic Conduction in Anodic Oxide Films, 10.1149/1.2129134
  32. Kirchheim R., Growth kinetics of passive films, 10.1016/0013-4686(87)90015-6
  33. Kirchheim R., The growth kinetics of passive films and the role of defects, 10.1016/0010-938x(89)90028-0
  34. Davenport A. J., Concerning the Distribution of the Overpotential during Anodic Oxide Film Growth, 10.1149/1.2086699
  35. Schultze J.W., Lohrengel M.M., Stability, reactivity and breakdown of passive films. Problems of recent and future research, 10.1016/s0013-4686(00)00347-9
  36. Ikonopisov S., Theory of electrical breakdown during formation of barrier anodic films, 10.1016/0013-4686(77)80042-x
  37. Shimizu K., Thompson G.E., Wood G.C., The electrical breakdown during anodizing of high purity aluminium in borate solutions, 10.1016/0040-6090(82)90005-0
  38. Montero I., Influence of Electrolyte Concentration on the Anodization and Breakdown Characteristics of Ta[sub 2]O[sub 5] Films, 10.1149/1.2113964
  39. Albella J.M., Montero I., Martinez-Duart J.M., A theory of avalanche breakdown during anodic oxidation, 10.1016/0013-4686(87)85032-6
  40. Albella J. M., Montero I., Mart�nez-Duart J. M., Parkhutik V., Dielectric breakdown processes in anodic Ta2O5 and related oxides : A review, 10.1007/bf00557127
  41. Sato N., A theory for breakdown of anodic oxide films on metals, 10.1016/0013-4686(71)85079-x
  42. Di Quarto Francesco, Breakdown Phenomena During the Growth of Anodic Oxide Films on Zirconium Metal, 10.1149/1.2115439
  43. Yahalom J., Zahavi J., Electrolytic breakdown crystallization of anodic oxide films on A1, Ta and Ti, 10.1016/0013-4686(70)80064-0
  44. Jouve G., Derradji N.E., Claquage des films anodiques formés sur le titane par voie galvanostatique en milieu acide, 10.1016/0022-5088(82)90201-6
  45. Matykina E., Monfort F., Berkani A., Skeldon P., Thompson G. E., Gough J., Characterization of Spark-Anodized Titanium for Biomedical Applications, 10.1149/1.2717383
  46. Marchenoir J.C., Loup J.P., Masson J., Étude des couches poreuses formées par oxydation anodique du titane sous fortes tensions, 10.1016/0040-6090(80)90389-2
  47. Yerokhin A.L., Nie X., Leyland A., Matthews A., Dowey S.J., Plasma electrolysis for surface engineering, 10.1016/s0257-8972(99)00441-7
  48. Matykina E., Doucet G., Monfort F., Berkani A., Skeldon P., Thompson G.E., Destruction of coating material during spark anodizing of titanium, 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.01.021
  49. Thompson G.E., Corrosion Reviews, 25, 631 (2007)
  50. Vermilyea D. A., Stresses in Anodic Films, 10.1149/1.2425747
  51. Wüthrich N., Intrinsic stresses in anodic films on aluminium, 10.1016/0013-4686(81)85135-3
  52. Sahu S. N., A Laser Beam Deflection System for Measuring Stress Variations in Thin Film Electrodes, 10.1149/1.2086618
  53. Nelson J.C., Oriani R.A., Stress generation during anodic oxidation of titanium and aluminum, 10.1016/0010-938x(93)90009-6
  54. Moon Sung-Mo, Pyun Su-Il, The mechanism of stress generation during the growth of anodic oxide films on pure aluminium in acidic solutions, 10.1016/s0013-4686(97)10194-3
  55. Bradhurst D. H., Llewelyn Leach J. S., The Mechanical Properties of Thin Anodic Films on Aluminum, 10.1149/1.2423797
  56. Archibald L.C., Leach J.S.L, The anodic oxidation of zirconium—I. growth stresses in anodic ZrO2 films, 10.1016/0013-4686(77)85046-9
  57. Archibald L.C., Internal stresses formed during the anodic oxidation of titanium, 10.1016/0013-4686(77)85135-9
  58. Butler M. A., New Technique for Measurement of Electrode Strain during Electrochemical Reactions, 10.1149/1.2095586
  59. Ueno K., Pyun S. -I., Seo M., Stresses of a Titanium Thin-Film Electrode Generated during Anodic Oxidation by a Beam-Bending Method, 10.1149/1.1394095
  60. Wüthrich N., The measurement of electrostrictive stresses in anodic barrier layers on aluminium by means of a membrane method, 10.1016/0013-4686(80)90033-x
  61. Kim Joong-Do, Pyun Su-Il, Oriani R.A., Effects of applied current density and potential step on the stress generation during anodic oxidation of tungsten in 0.1 M H2SO4 solution, 10.1016/0013-4686(94)00351-z
  62. Pyun Su-il, Effects of film formation parameters on stress generation during anodic oxidation of metals in corrosive media, 10.1016/0167-577x(95)00292-8
  63. Schmuki Patrik, From Bacon to barriers: a review on the passivity of metals and alloys, 10.1007/s100080100219
  64. Goossens Albert, Bandgap enlargement in anodic oxide films on titanium, 10.1016/s0039-6028(96)01087-4
  65. Di Quarto F., Sunseri C., Piazza S., Romano M. C., Semiempirical Correlation between Optical Band Gap Values of Oxides and the Difference of Electronegativity of the Elements. Its Importance for a Quantitative Use of Photocurrent Spectroscopy in Corrosion Studies, 10.1021/jp970046n
  66. Santamaria M., Di Quarto F., Habazaki H., Photocurrent spectroscopy applied to the characterization of passive films on sputter-deposited Ti–Zr alloys, 10.1016/j.corsci.2008.04.014
  67. Bonilla S.H., Zinola C.F., Changes in the voltammetric response of titanium electrodes caused by potential programmes and illumination, 10.1016/s0013-4686(97)00074-1
  68. Hurlen T., Hornkjøl S., Anodic growth of passive films on titanium, 10.1016/0013-4686(91)85200-q
  69. Roh B., Macdonald D. D., Effect of oxygen vacancies in anodic titanium oxide films on the kinetics of the oxygen electrode reaction, 10.1134/s1023193507020012
  70. Leiva Ezequiel, Meyer Peter, Schmickler Wolfgang, Electron transfer through passive films: Role of localized electronic states, 10.1016/0010-938x(89)90032-2
  71. Lee Eung-Jo, Pyun Su-Il, Analysis of nonlinear Mott-Schottky plots obtained from anodically passivating amorphous and polycrystalline TiO2 films, 10.1007/bf01023817
  72. Kudelka S., Schultze J.W., Photoelectrochemical imaging and microscopic reactivity of oxidised Ti, 10.1016/s0013-4686(97)00085-6
  73. Schneider M., Schroth S., Schilm J., Michaelis A., Micro-EIS of anodic thin oxide films on titanium for capacitor applications, 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.11.003
  74. Goossens Albert, Intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy of thin anodic films on titanium, 10.1016/0039-6028(96)00751-0
  75. Marsh J., Gorse D., A photoelectrochemical and ac impedance study of anodic titanium oxide films, 10.1016/s0013-4686(97)00210-7
  76. Leitner K., Photoelectrochemical Investigations of Passive Films on Titanium Electrodes, 10.1149/1.2108969
  77. Mizushima W., A Study of the Formation of Anodic Oxide Films on Titanium, 10.1149/1.2428231
  78. Delplancke J.-L., Winand R., Galvanostatic anodization of titanium—II. Reactions efficiencies and electrochemical behaviour model, 10.1016/0013-4686(88)80224-x
  79. Vergé M.-G., Mettraux P., Olsson C.-O.A., Landolt D., Rotating ring-disk electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance: a new tool for in situ studies of oxide film formation, 10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.11.047
  80. Sul Y.-T., Phys., 23, 329 (2001)
  81. Vanhumbeeck J.-F., Ryelandt L., Proost J., On the relationship between local voltage maxima and efficiency changes during galvanostatic Ti anodising, 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.12.046
  82. Kudelka S., Michaelis A., Schultze J.W., Effect of texture and formation rate on ionic and electronic properties of passive layers on Ti single crystals, 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00375-4
  83. Di Quarto F., Piazza S., Sunseri C., The photoelectrochemistry of thin passive layers. Investigation of anodic oxide films on titanium metal, 10.1016/0013-4686(93)80006-l
  84. Boddy P. J., Oxygen Evolution on Semiconducting TiO[sub 2], 10.1149/1.2411080
  85. Schultze J.W., Elfenthal L., Electron-transfer reactions on pure and modified oxide films, 10.1016/0022-0728(86)80515-0
  86. Zhuravlyova E., Iglesias-Rubianes L., Pakes A., Skeldon P., Thompson G.E., Zhou X., Quance T., Graham M.J., Habazaki H., Shimizu K., Oxygen evolution within barrier oxide films, 10.1016/s0010-938x(02)00025-2
  87. Matykina E., Arrabal R., Skeldon P., Thompson G.E., Habazaki H., Influence of grain orientation on oxygen generation in anodic titania, 10.1016/j.tsf.2007.08.104
  88. Shibata T., Zhu Y.-C., The effect of film formation conditions on the structure and composition of anodic oxide films on titanium, 10.1016/0010-938x(94)00133-q
  89. Wiesler D.G., Majkrzak C.F., Neutron reflectometry studies of surface oxidation, 10.1016/0921-4526(94)90156-2
  90. Xia Zhengbin, Nanjo Hiroshi, Tetsuka Hiroyuki, Ebina Takeo, Izumisawa Miki, Fujimura Motoaki, Onagawa Jun, Crystallization of the anodic oxide on titanium in sulphuric acids solution at a very low potential, 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.11.027
  91. Politi A, Jouve G, Lacombe P, Cinétiques de croissance et propriétés de films anodiques formés sur le titane, 10.1016/0022-5088(77)90048-0
  92. Gueneau de Mussy J.-P, Langelaan G, Decerf J, Delplancke J.-L, TEM and X-ray diffraction investigation of the structural characteristics of the microporous oxide film formed on polycrystalline Ti, 10.1016/s1359-6462(02)00323-8
  93. Delplancke J.-L., Winand R., Galvanostatic anodization of titanium—I. Structures and compositions of the anodic films, 10.1016/0013-4686(88)80223-8
  94. da Fonseca Carlos, Traverse Agnès, Tadjeddine Abderrahmane, Belo Manuel da Cunha, A characterization of titanium anodic oxides by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and grazing X-ray diffraction, 10.1016/0022-0728(94)03806-e
  95. Arsov Lj. D., In Situ Raman Spectra of Anodically Formed Titanium Dioxide Layers in Solutions of H[sub 2]SO[sub 4], KOH, and HNO[sub 3], 10.1149/1.2085349
  96. Shibata T., Zhu Y.-C., The effect of temperature on the growth of anodic oxide film on titanium, 10.1016/0010-938x(94)00125-p
  97. Vermilyea D. A., The Crystallization of Anodic Tantalum Oxide Films in the Presence of a Strong Electric Field, 10.1149/1.2430031
  98. Vermilyea D. A., Nucleation of Crystalline Ta[sub 2]O[sub 5] During Field Crystallization, 10.1149/1.2428649
  99. Jackson N. F., Field crystallization of anodic films on tantalum, 10.1007/bf00613498
  100. Azumi Kazuhisa, Yasui Naoya, Seo Masahiro, Changes in the properties of anodic oxide films formed on titanium during long-term immersion in deaerated neutral solutions, 10.1016/s0010-938x(99)00096-7
  101. Wood G.C., Pearson C., Dielectric breakdown of anodic oxide films on valve metals, 10.1016/s0010-938x(67)80109-4
  102. Delplancke J.-L., Garnier A., Massiani Y., Winand R., Influence of the anodizing procedure on the structure and the properties of titanium oxide films and its effect on copper nucleation, 10.1016/0013-4686(94)e0048-5
  103. di Quarto F., Doblhofer K., Gerischer H., Instability of anodically formed TiO2 layers, 10.1016/0013-4686(78)85046-4
  104. Fratila-Apachitei L.E, Terryn H, Skeldon P, Thompson G.E, Duszczyk J, Katgerman L, Influence of substrate microstructure on the growth of anodic oxide layers, 10.1016/j.electacta.2003.10.024
  105. Habazaki H., Uozumi M., Konno H., Shimizu K., Nagata S., Asami K., Matsumoto K., Takayama K., Oda Y., Skeldon P., Thompson G.E., Influences of structure and composition on growth of anodic oxide films on TiZr alloys, 10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00383-9
  106. Habazaki H., Shimizu K., Nagata S., Asami K., Takayama K., Oda Y., Skeldon P., Thompson G.E., Inter-relationship between structure and dielectric properties of crystalline anodic zirconia, 10.1016/j.tsf.2004.12.002
  107. Habazaki H., Shimizu K., Skeldon P., Thompson G.E., Wood G.C., Formation of amorphous anodic oxide films of controlled composition on aluminium alloys, 10.1016/s0040-6090(96)09491-6
  108. Tanvir M. Tauseef, Fushimi K., Shimizu K., Nagata S., Skeldon P., Thompson G.E., Habazaki H., Influence of silicon on the growth of barrier-type anodic films on titanium, 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.04.113
  109. Habazaki H., Uozumi M., Konno H., Shimizu K., Nagata S., Asami K., Skeldon P., Thompson G.E., Influence of molybdenum species on growth of anodic titania, 10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00319-5
  110. Habazaki H., Uozumi M., Konno H., Nagata S., Shimizu K., Formation of barrier-type amorphous anodic films on Ti–Mo alloys, 10.1016/s0257-8972(03)00216-0
  111. Mato S., Alcalá G., Skeldon P., Thompson G. E., Mann A. B., Masheder D., Habazaki H., Shimizu K., Dielectric and mechanical properties of anodic films in the Ta-Ti system : Anodic films in the Ta-Ti system, 10.1002/sia.1549
  112. Habazaki H., Takahiro K., Yamaguchi S., Shimizu K., Skeldon P., Thompson G. E., Wood G. C., Influence of tungsten species on the structure of anodic titania, 10.1080/01418619808244807
  113. Habazaki H., Uozumi M., Konno H., Shimizu K., Nagata S., Takayama K., Oda Y., Skeldon P., Thompson G. E., Influence of Film Composition on the Structure and Dielectric Properties of Anodic Films on Ti–W Alloys, 10.1149/1.1940750
  114. Piazza S., Biundo G.LO, Romano M.C., Sunseri C., Di Quarto F., In situ characterization of passive films on al-ti alloy by photocurrent and impedance spectroscopy, 10.1016/s0010-938x(98)00009-2
  115. Habazaki H, Shimizu K, Nagata S, Skeldon P, Thompson G.E, Wood G.C, Ionic transport in amorphous anodic titania stabilised by incorporation of silicon species, 10.1016/s0010-938x(01)00111-1
  116. Vijh Ashok K., On some aspects of low-temperature and anodic oxidation of metals and semiconductors, 10.1007/bf00612161
  117. Quinn Rod K., Electrochemical and Surface Analytical Characterization of Titanium and Titanium Hydride Thin Film Electrode Oxidation, 10.1149/1.2131295
  118. Serruys Y., Sakout T., Gorse D., Anodic oxidation of titanium in 1M H2SO4, studied by Rutherford backscattering, 10.1016/0039-6028(93)90934-c
  119. Habazaki H., Ogasawara T., Konno H., Shimizu K., Asami K., Saito K., Nagata S., Skeldon P., Thompson G.E., Growth of anodic oxide films on oxygen-containing niobium, 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.03.011
  120. Kozlowski M., Smyrl W.H., Atanasoska Lj., Atanasoski R., Local film thickness and photoresponse of thin anodic TiO2 films on polycrystalline titanium, 10.1016/0013-4686(89)85062-5
  121. Fushimi Koji, Okawa Tsuyoshi, Azumi Kazuhisa, Seo Masahiro, Heterogeneous Growth of Anodic Oxide Film on a Polycrystalline Titanium Electrode Observed with a Scanning Electrochemical Microscope, 10.1149/1.1393227
  122. König U, Davepon B, Microstructure of polycrystalline Ti and its microelectrochemical properties by means of electron-backscattering diffraction (EBSD), 10.1016/s0013-4686(01)00572-2
  123. Schultze Joachim W., Pilaski Milan, Lohrengel Manuel M., König Uwe, Single crystal experiments on grains of polycrystalline materials: : Oxide formation on Zr and Ta, 10.1039/b111216n
  124. Blackwood D.J., Peter L.M., Williams D.E., Stability and open circuit breakdown of the passive oxide film on titanium, 10.1016/0013-4686(88)80206-8
  125. Sibert Merle E., Electrochemical Oxidation of Titanium Surfaces, 10.1149/1.2425674
  126. Habazaki H., Fushimi K., Shimizu K., Skeldon P., Thompson G.E., Fast migration of fluoride ions in growing anodic titanium oxide, 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.12.023
  127. Krasicka-Cydzik Elzbieta, Gel-like layer development during formation of thin anodic films on titanium in phosphoric acid solutions, 10.1016/j.corsci.2004.01.012
  128. Climent F., Capellades R., Anodic oxidation of titanium up to 100 V, 10.1016/0013-4686(88)85041-2
  129. Aladjem A., Anodic oxidation of titanium and its alloys, 10.1007/bf00561225
  130. Ohtsuka Toshiaki, Cathodic Reduction of Anodic Oxide Films Formed on Titanium, 10.1149/1.2100212
  131. Zane D., Decker F., Razzini G., Characterization of electrodeposited TiO2 films, 10.1016/0013-4686(93)80007-m
  132. Wood G. C., A Model for the Incorporation of Electrolyte Species into Anodic Alumina, 10.1149/1.1836389
  133. Llewelyn Leach J.S., Pearson B.R., The conditions for incorporation of electrolyte ions into anodic oxides, 10.1016/0013-4686(84)87189-3
  134. Habazaki H., Shimizu K., Nagata S., Skeldon P., Thompson G. E., Wood G. C., Ionic Mobilities in Amorphous Anodic Titania, 10.1149/1.1445171
  135. Zwilling V., Darque-Ceretti E., Boutry-Forveille A., David D., Perrin M. Y., Aucouturier M., Structure and physicochemistry of anodic oxide films on titanium and TA6V alloy, 10.1002/(sici)1096-9918(199907)27:7<629::aid-sia551>3.0.co;2-0
  136. Cámara O.R., de Pauli C.P., Giordano M.C., Potentiodynamic behaviour of mechanically polished titanium electrodes, 10.1016/0013-4686(84)87163-7
  137. Ohtsuka T., Nomura N., The dependence of the optical property of Ti anodic oxide film on its growth rate by ellipsometry, 10.1016/s0010-938x(97)00025-5
  138. Ohtsuka Toshiaki, Otsuki Tetsuo, The influence of the growth rate on the semiconductive properties of titanium anodic oxide films, 10.1016/s0010-938x(98)00032-8
  139. Ohtsuka Toshiaki, Otsuki Tetsuo, The aging of the anodic oxide of titanium during potentiostatic condition by ellipsometry, 10.1016/s0010-938x(02)00256-1
  140. Tun Z., Noël J.J., Shoesmith D.W., Electrochemical modifications on the surface of a Ti film, 10.1016/s0921-4526(97)00805-3
  141. Tun Z., Electrochemical Modification of the Passive Oxide Layer on a Ti Film Observed by In Situ Neutron Reflectometry, 10.1149/1.1391710
  142. Herranen M, Carlsson J.-O, An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and in situ SFM study of Ti in sulphuric acid, 10.1016/s0010-938x(00)00079-2
  143. Kunze J., Z. Phys. Chem., 219, 1561 (2005)
  144. Prusi A., Arsov Lj., Haran Bala, Popov Branko N., Anodic Behavior of Ti in KOH Solutions, 10.1149/1.1510134
  145. Capek D., Gigandet M.-P., Masmoudi M., Wery M., Banakh O., Long-time anodisation of titanium in sulphuric acid, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.06.027
  146. McAleer J. F., Instability of Anodic Oxide Films on Titanium, 10.1149/1.2124097
  147. Bourdet P., Vacandio F., Argème L., Rossi S., Massiani Y., Anodisation of sputtered titanium films: an electrochemical and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study, 10.1016/j.tsf.2004.12.032
  148. Poznyak S.K., Talapin D.V., Kulak A.I., Electrochemical oxidation of titanium by pulsed discharge in electrolyte, 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.03.002
  149. Michaelis A., Schultze J.W., Anisotropy micro-ellipsometry for in-situ determination of optical and crystallographic properties of anisotropic solids and layers with as an example, 10.1016/0040-6090(95)07078-8
  150. Ohtsuka Toshiaki, Ellipsometric Study of Anodic Oxide Films on Titanium in Hydrochloric Acid, Sulfuric Acid, and Phosphate Solution, 10.1149/1.2113958
  151. Kong De-Sheng, Wu Ji-Xia, An Electrochemical Study on the Anodic Oxygen Evolution on Oxide Film Covered Titanium, 10.1149/1.2799731
  152. Blackwood D.J., Peter L.M., The influence of growth rate on the properties of anodic oxide films on titanium, 10.1016/0013-4686(89)87033-1
  153. Jouve G., Leach J.S.L., The increase in temperature of the anodic film formed on titanium during growth in acid media, 10.1016/0040-6090(83)90244-4
  154. Dyer C. K., Breakdown and Efficiency of Anodic Oxide Growth on Titanium, 10.1149/1.2131616
  155. Blackwood D.J., Greef R., Peter L.M., An ellipsometric study of the growth and open-circuit dissolution of the anodic oxide film on titanium, 10.1016/0013-4686(89)87123-3
  156. Utomo W.B., Donne S.W., Electrochemical behaviour of titanium in H2SO4–MnSO4 electrolytes, 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.09.031
  157. Marino Claudia E.B., Oliveira Ester M.de, Rocha-Filho Romeu C., Biaggio Sonia R., On the stability of thin-anodic-oxide films of titanium in acid phosphoric media, 10.1016/s0010-938x(00)00162-1
  158. Dyer C.K., Leach J.S.L., Reversible reactions within anodic oxide films on titanium electrodes, 10.1016/0013-4686(78)80022-x
  159. Arsov Lj.D., Dissolution electrochimique des films anodiques du titane dans l'acide sulfurique, 10.1016/0013-4686(85)87011-0
  160. Thomas N. T., Nobe Ken, Electrochemical Behavior of Titanium, 10.1149/1.2404022
  161. Aladjem A., Aucouturier M., Lacombe P., Anodic oxidation and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of titanium alloys : Part 1 Factors affecting SCC and their influence on the anodic behaviour of alloy Ti-6Al-6V-2.5Sn, 10.1007/bf02397908
  162. Azumi Kazuhisa, Seo Masahiro, Changes in electrochemical properties of the anodic oxide film formed on titanium during potential sweep, 10.1016/s0010-938x(00)00105-0
  163. Vanhumbeeck J.-F., Proost J., On the Relation Between Growth Instabilities and Internal Stress Evolution during Galvanostatic Ti Thin Film Anodization, 10.1149/1.2958306
  164. Vanhumbeeck J.-F., Electrochim. Acta, 53, 5165 (2008)
  165. Panagopoulos Chr.N., Internal stress in growing TiO2 films, 10.1016/0022-5088(88)90419-5
  166. McCafferty E, Wightman J.P, An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy sputter profile study of the native air-formed oxide film on titanium, 10.1016/s0169-4332(98)00927-1
  167. Aladjem A., Brandon D.G., Yahalom J., Zahavi J., Electron-beam crystallization of anodic oxide films, 10.1016/0013-4686(70)90029-0
  168. Nurse T. J., Wormwell F., The isolation and examination of films from metal surfaces: An improved technique, 10.1002/jctb.5010020909
  169. Santos Emanuel, Kuromoto Neide K., Soares Glória A., Mechanical properties of titania films used as biomaterials, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2006.11.010
  170. Soares P., Res. B: Appl. Biomater., 84, 524 (2007)
  171. Laser D., Electrochemical and Optical Properties of Thin Oxide Layers Formed on Fresh Titanium Surfaces in Acid Solutions, 10.1149/1.2131449
  172. Joseph J, Gagnaire A, Ellipsometric study of anodic oxide growth: Application to the titanium oxide systems, 10.1016/0040-6090(83)90442-x
  173. Ord J. L., Electrochemical and Optical Properties of Anodic Oxide Films on Titanium, 10.1149/1.2097244
  174. Ohtsuka Toshiaki, Raman Spectra of the Anodic Oxide Film on Titanium in Acidic Sulfate and Neutral Phosphate Solutions, 10.1149/1.2108452
  175. Zwilling V, Aucouturier M, Darque-Ceretti E, Anodic oxidation of titanium and TA6V alloy in chromic media. An electrochemical approach, 10.1016/s0013-4686(99)00283-2
  176. Olsson C.-O.A., Landolt D., Anodisation of a Nb–Zr alloy, 10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00540-1
  177. POUILLEAU J, DEVILLIERS D, GROULT H, MARCUS P, 10.1023/a:1018645112465
  178. Torresi R.M., Cámara O.R., De Pauli C.P., Giordano M.C., Hydrogen evolution reaction on anodic titanium oxide films, 10.1016/0013-4686(87)85058-2
  179. Abdel Rahim M. A., Variation of the dielectric constant of anodic oxide films on titanium with oxygen evolution, 10.1007/bf00772209
  180. Armstrong Neal R., Quinn Rod K., Auger and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of titanium thin film electrodes, 10.1016/0039-6028(77)90007-3
  181. Ong J.L., Lucas L.C., Raikar G.N., Gregory J.C., Electrochemical corrosion analyses and characterization of surface-modified titanium, 10.1016/0169-4332(93)90036-b
  182. Pouilleau J., Devilliers D., Garrido F., Durand-Vidal S., Mahé E., Structure and composition of passive titanium oxide films, 10.1016/s0921-5107(97)00043-3
  183. Lewandowska M., Pisarek M., Rożniatowski K., Grądzka-Dahlke M., Janik-Czachor M., Kurzydłowski K.J., Nanoscale characterization of anodic oxide films on Ti-6Al-4V alloy, 10.1016/j.tsf.2006.11.074
  184. Siejka J., Nadai J. P., Amsel G., A Study of the Oxygen Growth Laws of Anodic Oxide Films on Aluminum and Tantalum Using Nuclear Microanalysis of O16 and O18, 10.1149/1.2408154
  185. Diamanti M.V., Pedeferri M.P., Effect of anodic oxidation parameters on the titanium oxides formation, 10.1016/j.corsci.2006.04.002
  186. Narayanan R., Seshadri S.K., Phosphoric acid anodization of Ti–6Al–4V – Structural and corrosion aspects, 10.1016/j.corsci.2006.06.021
  187. Hugot-Le Goff A., Structure of very thin TiO2 films studied by Raman spectroscopy with interference enhancement, 10.1016/0040-6090(86)90004-0
  188. Felske A., Plieth W.J., Raman spectroscopy of titanium dioxide layers, 10.1016/0013-4686(89)80012-x
  189. Bearinger Jane P., Orme Christine A., Gilbert Jeremy L., In situ imaging and impedance measurements of titanium surfaces using AFM and SPIS, 10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00547-1
  190. Blackwood D.J, Influence of the space-charge region on electrochemical impedance measurements on passive oxide films on titanium, 10.1016/s0013-4686(00)00636-8
  191. Mantzila Aikaterini G., Prodromidis Mamas I., Development and study of anodic Ti/TiO2 electrodes and their potential use as impedimetric immunosensors, 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.10.009
  192. Harrison J.A., Williams D.E., A note on the passive—active transition of titanium in sulphuric acid, 10.1016/0013-4686(82)80212-0
  193. Metikos̆-Huković M, Kwokal A, Piljac J, The influence of niobium and vanadium on passivity of titanium-based implants in physiological solution, 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00252-7
  194. Paik Chi-Hum, Metal Decoration of Surface Defect Structure on Thin Anodic TiO[sub 2] Films, 10.1149/1.2096283
  195. Kim DongYung, Ahn SeJin, Kwon HyukSang, Photoelectrochemical analysis on the passive film formed on Ti in pH 8.5 buffer solution, 10.1016/j.tsf.2006.01.028
  196. Wei Chang, Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, 10.1149/1.2050047
  197. Azumi Kazuhisa, Araki Kenji, Seo Masahiro, Tunneling spectroscopy of passive films on iron and titanium, 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)05049-8
Bibliographic reference Vanhumbeeck, J. -F. ; Proost, Joris. Current Understanding of Ti Anodisation : Functional, Morphological, Chemical and Mechanical Aspects. In: Corrosion Reviews, Vol. 27, no. 3, p. 117-204 (2009)
Permanent URL http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/35384