User menu

Accès à distance ? S'identifier sur le proxy UCLouvain

Stand growth and structure of mixed-species and monospecific stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Q. robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe

Primary tabs

download
  • Open access
  • PDF
  • 1.83 M
Pretzsch, H. Steckel, M. Heym, M. Biber, P. Ammer, C. Ponette, Quentin [UCL] del Río, M.

Past failures of monocultures, caused by wind-throw or insect damages, and ongoing climate change currently strongly stimulate research into mixed-species stands. So far, the focus has mainly been on combinations of species with obvious complementary functional traits. However, for any generalization, a broad overview of the mixing reactions of functionally different tree species in different mixing proportions, patterns and under different site conditions is needed, including assemblages of species with rather similar demands on resources such as light. Here, we studied the growth of Scots pine and oak in mixed versus monospecific stands on 36 triplets located along a productivity gradient across Europe, reaching from Sweden to Spain and from France to Georgia. The set-up represents a wide variation in precipitation (456–1250 mm year−1), mean annual temperature (6.7–11.5 °C) and drought index by de Martonne (21–63 mm °C−1). Stand inventories and increment cores of trees stemming from 40- to 132-year-old, fully stocked stands on 0.04–0.94-ha-sized plots provided insight into how species mixing modifies stand growth and structure compared with neighbouring monospecific stands. On average, the standing stem volume was 436 and 360 m3 ha−1 in the monocultures of Scots pine and oak, respectively, and 418 m3 ha−1 in the mixed stands. The corresponding periodical annual volume increment amounted to 10.5 and 9.1 m3 ha−1 year−1 in the monocultures and 10.5 m3 ha−1 year−1 in the mixed stands. Scots pine showed a 10% larger quadratic mean diameter (p < 0.05), a 7% larger dominant diameter (p < 0.01) and a 9% higher growth of basal area and volume in mixed stands compared with neighbouring monocultures. For Scots pine, the productivity advantages of growing in mixture increased with site index (p < 0.01) and water supply (p < 0.01), while for oak they decreased with site index (p < 0.01). In total, the superior productivity of mixed stands compared to monocultures increased with water supply (p < 0.10). Based on 7843 measured crowns, we found that in mixture both species, but especially oak, had significantly wider crowns (p < 0.001) than in monocultures. On average, we found relatively small effects of species mixing on stand growth and structure. Scots pine benefiting on rich, and oak on poor sites, allows for a mixture that is productive and most likely climate resistant all along a wide ecological gradient. We discuss the potential of this mixture in view of climate change.

Document type Article de périodique (Journal article) – Article de recherche
Access type Accès libre
Publication date 2020
Language Anglais
Journal information "European Journal of Forest Research" - Vol. 139, p. 349-367 (2020)
Peer reviewed yes
Publisher Springer Science and Business Media LLC
issn 1612-4669
e-issn 1612-4677
Publication status Publié
Affiliation UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences
Keywords Plant Science ; Forestry ; tripplet approach ; functional-structural complementary ; mixing effects ; overyielding ; crown allometry
Links
  1. Aas G (1991) Kreuzungsversuche mit Stiel-und Traubeneichen (Quercus robur L. und Q. petraea Mattl. Liebl.). Allg Forst Jagdztg 162:141–145
  2. Aguirre Ana, del Río Miren, Condés Sonia, Productivity Estimations for Monospecific and Mixed Pine Forests along the Iberian Peninsula Aridity Gradient, 10.3390/f10050430
  3. Ammer Christian, Diversity and forest productivity in a changing climate, 10.1111/nph.15263
  4. Augusto Laurent, Ranger Jacques, Binkley Dan, Rothe Andreas, Impact of several common tree species of European temperate forests on soil fertility, 10.1051/forest:2002020
  5. Barbeito Ignacio, Dassot Mathieu, Bayer Dominik, Collet Catherine, Drössler Lars, Löf Magnus, del Rio Miren, Ruiz-Peinado Ricardo, Forrester David I., Bravo-Oviedo Andrés, Pretzsch Hans, Terrestrial laser scanning reveals differences in crown structure of Fagus sylvatica in mixed vs. pure European forests, 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.09.043
  6. Bauhus Jürgen, Forrester David I., Gardiner Barry, Jactel Hervé, Vallejo Ramon, Pretzsch Hans, Ecological Stability of Mixed-Species Forests, Mixed-Species Forests (2017) ISBN:9783662545515 p.337-382, 10.1007/978-3-662-54553-9_7
  7. Bayer Dominik, Seifert Stefan, Pretzsch Hans, Structural crown properties of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica [L.]) in mixed versus pure stands revealed by terrestrial laser scanning, 10.1007/s00468-013-0854-4
  8. Bello Jordan, Hasselquist Niles J., Vallet Patrick, Kahmen Ansgar, Perot Thomas, Korboulewsky Nathalie, Complementary water uptake depth of Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris in mixed stands during an extreme drought, 10.1007/s11104-019-03951-z
  9. Benneter Adam, Forrester David I., Bouriaud Olivier, Dormann Carsten F., Bauhus Jürgen, Tree species diversity does not compromise stem quality in major European forest types, 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.04.030
  10. Bertness Mark D., Callaway Ragan, Positive interactions in communities, 10.1016/0169-5347(94)90088-4
  11. Biber Peter, Borges José, Moshammer Ralf, Barreiro Susana, Botequim Brigite, Brodrechtová Yvonne, Brukas Vilis, Chirici Gherardo, Cordero-Debets Rebeca, Corrigan Edwin, Eriksson Ljusk, Favero Matteo, Galev Emil, Garcia-Gonzalo Jordi, Hengeveld Geerten, Kavaliauskas Marius, Marchetti Marco, Marques Susete, Mozgeris Gintautas, Navrátil Rudolf, Nieuwenhuis Maarten, Orazio Christophe, Paligorov Ivan, Pettenella Davide, Sedmák Róbert, Smreček Róbert, Stanislovaitis Andrius, Tomé Margarida, Trubins Renats, Tuček Ján, Vizzarri Matteo, Wallin Ida, Pretzsch Hans, Sallnäs Ola, How Sensitive Are Ecosystem Services in European Forest Landscapes to Silvicultural Treatment?, 10.3390/f6051666
  12. Björse Gisela, Bradshaw Richard, 2000 years of forest dynamics in southern Sweden: suggestions for forest management, 10.1016/s0378-1127(97)00162-x
  13. Brown AHF (1992) Functioning of mixed-species stands at Gisburn, NW England. The ecology of mixed-species stands of trees. In: Cannel MGR, Malcolm DC, Robertson PA (eds) The ecology of mixed-species stands of trees. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 125–150
  14. Brus D. J., Hengeveld G. M., Walvoort D. J. J., Goedhart P. W., Heidema A. H., Nabuurs G. J., Gunia K., Statistical mapping of tree species over Europe, 10.1007/s10342-011-0513-5
  15. Caldwell Martyn M., Dawson Todd E., Richards James H., Hydraulic lift: consequences of water efflux from the roots of plants, 10.1007/s004420050363
  16. R Core Team (2018) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna
  17. Danell Kjell, Bergström Roger, Edenius Lars, Ericsson Göran, Ungulates as drivers of tree population dynamics at module and genet levels, 10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00116-6
  18. de Martonne E (1926) Une novelle fonction climatologique: L’indice d’aridité. La Météorologie 21:449–458
  19. DeBell DS, Whitesell CD, Schubert TH (1989) Using N2-fixing Albizia to increase growth of Eucalyptus plantations in Hawaii. For Sci 35(1):64–75
  20. del Río M, Condés S, Sterba H (2013) Productividad en masas mixtas vs. masas puras: influencia de la espesura en la interacción entre especies. In: Actas del 6°Congreso Forestal Español 6CFE01-121:13. Sociedad Española de Ciencias Forestales, Pontevedra
  21. del Río Miren, Pretzsch Hans, Ruíz-Peinado Ricardo, Ampoorter Evy, Annighöfer Peter, Barbeito Ignacio, Bielak Kamil, Brazaitis Gediminas, Coll Lluís, Drössler Lars, Fabrika Marek, Forrester David I., Heym Michael, Hurt Václav, Kurylyak Viktor, Löf Magnus, Lombardi Fabio, Madrickiene Ekaterina, Matović Bratislav, Mohren Frits, Motta Renzo, den Ouden Jan, Pach Maciej, Ponette Quentin, Schütze Gerhard, Skrzyszewski Jerzy, Sramek Vit, Sterba Hubert, Stojanović Dejan, Svoboda Miroslav, Zlatanov Tzvetan M., Bravo-Oviedo Andrés, Species interactions increase the temporal stability of community productivity inPinus sylvestris-Fagus sylvaticamixtures across Europe, 10.1111/1365-2745.12727
  22. del Río Miren, Bravo-Oviedo Andrés, Ruiz-Peinado Ricardo, Condés Sonia, Tree allometry variation in response to intra- and inter-specific competitions, 10.1007/s00468-018-1763-3
  23. Dieler Jochen, Uhl Enno, Biber Peter, Müller Jörg, Rötzer Thomas, Pretzsch Hans, Effect of forest stand management on species composition, structural diversity, and productivity in the temperate zone of Europe, 10.1007/s10342-017-1056-1
  24. Dirnberger GF, Sterba H (2014) A comparison of different methods to estimate species proportions by area in mixed stands. For Syst 23:534–546
  25. Dobrowolska D., Oak natural regeneration and conversion processes in mixed Scots pine stands, 10.1093/forestry/cpl034
  26. Donoso Pablo J., Muñoz Ariel A., Thiers Oscar, Soto Daniel P., Donoso Claudio, Effects of aspect and type of competition on the early performance of Nothofagus dombeyi and Nothofagus nervosa in a mixed plantation, 10.1139/x11-019
  27. Eaton E, Caudullo G, Oliveira S, de Rigo D (2016) Quercus robur and Quercus petraea in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: San-Miguel-Ayanz J, de Rigo D, Caudullo G, Houston Durrant T, Mauri A (eds) European atlas of forest tree species. Publication Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, pp e01c6df+
  28. Ellenberg H, Leuschner C (2010) Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in ökologischer, dynamischer und historischer Sicht. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, p 1334
  29. Felton Adam, Nilsson Urban, Sonesson Johan, Felton Annika M., Roberge Jean-Michel, Ranius Thomas, Ahlström Martin, Bergh Johan, Björkman Christer, Boberg Johanna, Drössler Lars, Fahlvik Nils, Gong Peichen, Holmström Emma, Keskitalo E. Carina H., Klapwijk Maartje J., Laudon Hjalmar, Lundmark Tomas, Niklasson Mats, Nordin Annika, Pettersson Maria, Stenlid Jan, Sténs Anna, Wallertz Kristina, Replacing monocultures with mixed-species stands: Ecosystem service implications of two production forest alternatives in Sweden, 10.1007/s13280-015-0749-2
  30. Forrester David I., The spatial and temporal dynamics of species interactions in mixed-species forests: From pattern to process, 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.10.003
  31. Forrester David I., Smith R. Geoff B., Faster growth of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus pilularis in mixed-species stands than monocultures, 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.08.037
  32. Forrester David I., Bauhus Jürgen, Cowie Annette L., Vanclay Jerome K., Mixed-species plantations of Eucalyptus with nitrogen-fixing trees: A review, 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.012
  33. Forrester David Ian, Ammer Christian, Annighöfer Peter J., Barbeito Ignacio, Bielak Kamil, Bravo-Oviedo Andrés, Coll Lluis, del Río Miren, Drössler Lars, Heym Michael, Hurt Václav, Löf Magnus, den Ouden Jan, Pach Maciej, Pereira Mário Gonzalez, Plaga Benjamin N. E., Ponette Quentin, Skrzyszewski Jerzy, Sterba Hubert, Svoboda Miroslav, Zlatanov Tzvetan M., Pretzsch Hans, Effects of crown architecture and stand structure on light absorption in mixed and monospecificFagus sylvaticaandPinus sylvestrisforests along a productivity and climate gradient through Europe, 10.1111/1365-2745.12803
  34. Franz F (1971) Funktionen und Tabellen der Derbholzformhöhen für die wichtigsten Baumarten in Bayern. München, Manuskriptdruck, unveröffentlicht
  35. Franz F, Bachler J, Deckelmann E, Kennel E, Kennel R, Schmidt A, Wotschikowsky U (1973) Bayerische Waldinventur 1970/71. Inventurabschnitt I: Großrauminventur Aufnahme- und Auswertungsverfahren. Forstliche Versuchsanstalt München, vol 11
  36. Gamfeldt Lars, Snäll Tord, Bagchi Robert, Jonsson Micael, Gustafsson Lena, Kjellander Petter, Ruiz-Jaen María C., Fröberg Mats, Stendahl Johan, Philipson Christopher D., Mikusiński Grzegorz, Andersson Erik, Westerlund Bertil, Andrén Henrik, Moberg Fredrik, Moen Jon, Bengtsson Jan, Higher levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species, 10.1038/ncomms2328
  37. GILL R. M. A., A Review of Damage by Mammals in North Temperate Forests: 3. Impact on Trees and Forests, 10.1093/forestry/65.4.363-a
  38. Goisser M., Geppert U., Rötzer T., Paya A., Huber A., Kerner R., Bauerle T., Pretzsch H., Pritsch K., Häberle K.H., Matyssek R., Grams T.E.E., Does belowground interaction with Fagus sylvatica increase drought susceptibility of photosynthesis and stem growth in Picea abies?, 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.05.032
  39. Griess Verena C., Knoke Thomas, Bioeconomic modeling of mixed Norway spruce—European beech stands: economic consequences of considering ecological effects, 10.1007/s10342-013-0692-3
  40. Heinrichs S, Ammer C, Mund M et al (2019) Landscape-scale mixtures of tree species are more effective than stand-scale mixtures for biodiversity of vascular plants. Bryophyt Lichens For 10:73
  41. Heym Michael, Ruíz-Peinado Ricardo, Del Río Miren, Bielak Kamil, Forrester David I., Dirnberger Gerald, Barbeito Ignacio, Brazaitis Gediminas, Ruškytkė Indrė, Coll Lluís, Fabrika Marek, Drössler Lars, Löf Magnus, Sterba Hubert, Hurt Václav, Kurylyak Viktor, Lombardi Fabio, Stojanović Dejan, Den Ouden Jan, Motta Renzo, Pach Maciej, Skrzyszewski Jerzy, Ponette Quentin, De Streel Géraud, Sramek Vit, Čihák Tomáš, Zlatanov Tzvetan M., Avdagic Admir, Ammer Christian, Verheyen Kris, Włodzimierz Buraczyk, Bravo-Oviedo Andrés, Pretzsch Hans, EuMIXFOR empirical forest mensuration and ring width data from pure and mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) through Europe, 10.1007/s13595-017-0660-z
  42. Heym Michael, Bielak Kamil, Wellhausen Klaas, Uhl Enno, Biber Peter, Perkins Diana, Steckel Mathias, Andreas Thurm Eric, Rais Andreas, Pretzsch Hans, A New Method to Reconstruct Recent Tree and Stand Attributes of Temporary Research Plots: New Opportunity to Analyse Mixed Forest Stands, Conifers ISBN:9781789848007, 10.5772/intechopen.79682
  43. Horak Jakub, Vodka Stepan, Kout Jiri, Halda Josef P., Bogusch Petr, Pech Pavel, Biodiversity of most dead wood-dependent organisms in thermophilic temperate oak woodlands thrives on diversity of open landscape structures, 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.12.018
  44. Houston Durrant T, de Rigo D, Caudullo G (2016) Pinus sylvestris in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: San-Miguel-Ayanz J, de Rigo D, Caudullo G, Houston Durrant T, Mauri A (eds) European atlas of forest tree species. Publication Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, pp e016b94+
  45. Huber Markus O., Sterba Hubert, Bernhard Luzi, Site conditions and definition of compositional proportion modify mixture effects inPicea abies–Abies albastands, 10.1139/cjfr-2014-0188
  46. IPCC (2013) Summary for policymakers. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group 1 to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
  47. Jactel Hervé, Brockerhoff Eckehard G., Tree diversity reduces herbivory by forest insects, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01073.x
  48. Jactel H., Gritti E. S., Drössler L., Forrester D. I., Mason W. L., Morin X., Pretzsch H., Castagneyrol B., Positive biodiversity–productivity relationships in forests: climate matters, 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0747
  49. Johann K (1993) DESER-Norm 1993. Normen der Sektion Ertragskunde im Deutschen Verband Forstlicher Forschungsanstalten zur Aufbereitung von waldwachstumskundlichen Dauerversuchen. In: Proceedings of Dt Verb Forstl Forschungsanst, Sek Ertragskd, in Unterreichenbach-Kapfenhardt, pp 96–104
  50. The ecology and silviculture of oaks, ISBN:9781845934743, 10.1079/9781845934743.0000
  51. Jucker Tommaso, Bouriaud Olivier, Avacaritei Daniel, Dănilă Iulian, Duduman Gabriel, Valladares Fernando, Coomes David A., Competition for light and water play contrasting roles in driving diversity-productivity relationships in Iberian forests, 10.1111/1365-2745.12276
  52. Jüttner O (1955) Eichenertragstafeln. In: Schober R (ed) Ertragstafeln der wichtigsten Baumarten. JD Sauerländer’s Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, pp 12-25–134-138
  53. Kennel R (1972) Die Buchendurchforstungsversuche in Bayern von 1870 bis 1970. Forstliche Versuchsanstalt München 7:77–80
  54. Knoke Thomas, Ammer Christian, Stimm Bernd, Mosandl Reinhard, Admixing broadleaved to coniferous tree species: a review on yield, ecological stability and economics, 10.1007/s10342-007-0186-2
  55. Kölling C (2007) Klimahüllen für 27 Waldbaumarten. AFZ-DerWald 23:1242–1245
  56. Krakau UK, Liesebach M, Aronen T, Lelu-Walter M-A, Schneck V (2013) Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). In: Pâques LE (ed) Forest tree breeding in Europe. Current state-of-the-art and perspectives. Springer, Dordrecht
  57. Leuschner Christoph, Meier Ina C., Hertel Dietrich, On the niche breadth ofFagus sylvatica: soil nutrient status in 50 Central European beech stands on a broad range of bedrock types, 10.1051/forest:2006016
  58. Liang J., Crowther T. W., Picard N., Wiser S., Zhou M., Alberti G., Schulze E.-D., McGuire A. D., Bozzato F., Pretzsch H., de-Miguel S., Paquette A., Herault B., Scherer-Lorenzen M., Barrett C. B., Glick H. B., Hengeveld G. M., Nabuurs G.-J., Pfautsch S., Viana H., Vibrans A. C., Ammer C., Schall P., Verbyla D., Tchebakova N., Fischer M., Watson J. V., Chen H. Y. H., Lei X., Schelhaas M.-J., Lu H., Gianelle D., Parfenova E. I., Salas C., Lee E., Lee B., Kim H. S., Bruelheide H., Coomes D. A., Piotto D., Sunderland T., Schmid B., Gourlet-Fleury S., Sonke B., Tavani R., Zhu J., Brandl S., Vayreda J., Kitahara F., Searle E. B., Neldner V. J., Ngugi M. R., Baraloto C., Frizzera L., Ba azy R., Oleksyn J., Zawi a-Nied wiecki T., Bouriaud O., Bussotti F., Finer L., Jaroszewicz B., Jucker T., Valladares F., Jagodzinski A. M., Peri P. L., Gonmadje C., Marthy W., OBrien T., Martin E. H., Marshall A. R., Rovero F., Bitariho R., Niklaus P. A., Alvarez-Loayza P., Chamuya N., Valencia R., Mortier F., Wortel V., Engone-Obiang N. L., Ferreira L. V., Odeke D. E., Vasquez R. M., Lewis S. L., Reich P. B., Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests, 10.1126/science.aaf8957
  59. Lu Huicui, Mohren Godefridus M.J., den Ouden Jan, Goudiaby Venceslas, Sterck Frank J., Overyielding of temperate mixed forests occurs in evergreen–deciduous but not in deciduous–deciduous species mixtures over time in the Netherlands, 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.06.032
  60. Lu Huicui, Condés Sonia, del Río Miren, Goudiaby Venceslas, den Ouden Jan, Mohren Godefridus M.J., Schelhaas Mart-Jan, de Waal Rein, Sterck Frank J., Species and soil effects on overyielding of tree species mixtures in the Netherlands, 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.11.010
  61. Merlin Morgane, Perot Thomas, Perret Sandrine, Korboulewsky Nathalie, Vallet Patrick, Effects of stand composition and tree size on resistance and resilience to drought in sessile oak and Scots pine, 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.11.032
  62. Metz Jérôme, Annighöfer Peter, Schall Peter, Zimmermann Jorma, Kahl Tiemo, Schulze Ernst-Detlef, Ammer Christian, Site-adapted admixed tree species reduce drought susceptibility of mature European beech, 10.1111/gcb.13113
  63. Mölder Andreas, Meyer Peter, Nagel Ralf-Volker, Integrative management to sustain biodiversity and ecological continuity in Central European temperate oak (Quercus robur, Q. petraea) forests: An overview, 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.01.006
  64. Ngo Bieng Marie Ange, Perot Thomas, de Coligny François, Goreaud François, Spatial pattern of trees influences species productivity in a mature oak–pine mixed forest, 10.1007/s10342-013-0716-z
  65. Pach Maciej, Sansone Dalila, Ponette Quentin, Barreiro Susana, Mason Bill, Bravo-Oviedo Andres, Löf Magnus, Bravo Felipe, Pretzsch Hans, Lesiński Jerzy, Ammer Christian, Đodan Martina, Peric Sanja, Bielak Kamil, Brazaitis Gediminas, del Río Miren, Dezzotti Alejandro, Drössler Lars, Fabrika Marek, Fonseca Teresa, Govedar Zoran, Kangur Ahto, Kurylyak Viktor, Loguercio Gabriel Angel, Libiete-Zalite Zane, Madsen Palle, Matović Bratislav, Meliadis Ioannis, Meliadis Miltiadis, Metslaid Marek, Mounir Fouad, Müller-Using Sabine, Short Ian, Souidi Zahira, Sterba Hubert, Stojanović Dejan, Svoboda Miroslav, Verheyen Kris, Yildiz Oktay, Zahvoyska Lyudmyla, Zlatanov Tzvetan, Corona Piermaria, Silviculture of Mixed Forests: A European Overview of Current Practices and Challenges, Managing Forest Ecosystems (2018) ISBN:9783319919522 p.185-253, 10.1007/978-3-319-91953-9_6
  66. Perot Thomas, Picard Nicolas, Mixture enhances productivity in a two-species forest: evidence from a modeling approach, 10.1007/s11284-011-0873-9
  67. Petterson H (1955) Die Massenproduktion des Nadelwaldes. Mitt Schwed Forstl Forschungsanst, Stockholm, vol 45 (IB), 391 p
  68. Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, R Core Team (2017) nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1–141. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme . Accessed 1 May 2019
  69. Praciak A (2013) The CABI encyclopedia of forest trees. CABI, Wallingford
  70. Preikša Z, Brazaitis G, Marozas V, Jaroszewicz B, Dead wood quality influences species diversity of rare cryptogams in temperate broadleaved forests, 10.3832/ifor1483-008
  71. Pretzsch Hans, Canopy space filling and tree crown morphology in mixed-species stands compared with monocultures, 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.04.027
  72. Pretzsch Hans, Growth and Structure in Mixed-Species Stands Compared with Monocultures: Review and Perspectives, Managing Forest Ecosystems (2018) ISBN:9783319919522 p.131-183, 10.1007/978-3-319-91953-9_5
  73. Pretzsch Hans, Rais Andreas, Wood quality in complex forests versus even-aged monocultures: review and perspectives, 10.1007/s00226-016-0827-z
  74. Pretzsch Hans, Schütze Gerhard, Transgressive overyielding in mixed compared with pure stands of Norway spruce and European beech in Central Europe: evidence on stand level and explanation on individual tree level, 10.1007/s10342-008-0215-9
  75. Pretzsch Hans, Schütze Gerhard, Effect of tree species mixing on the size structure, density, and yield of forest stands, 10.1007/s10342-015-0913-z
  76. Pretzsch Hans, Block Joachim, Dieler Jochen, Dong Phan Hoang, Kohnle Ulrich, Nagel Jürgen, Spellmann Hermann, Zingg Andreas, Comparison between the productivity of pure and mixed stands of Norway spruce and European beech along an ecological gradient, 10.1051/forest/2010037
  77. Pretzsch Hans, Bielak Kamil, Block Joachim, Bruchwald Arkadiusz, Dieler Jochen, Ehrhart Hans-Peter, Kohnle Ulrich, Nagel Jürgen, Spellmann Hermann, Zasada Michał, Zingg Andreas, Productivity of mixed versus pure stands of oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) along an ecological gradient, 10.1007/s10342-012-0673-y
  78. Pretzsch H., Schütze G., Uhl E., Resistance of European tree species to drought stress in mixedversuspure forests: evidence of stress release by inter-specific facilitation : Drought stress release by inter-specific facilitation, 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00670.x
  79. Pretzsch H., del Río M., Ammer Ch., Avdagic A., Barbeito I., Bielak K., Brazaitis G., Coll L., Dirnberger G., Drössler L., Fabrika M., Forrester D. I., Godvod K., Heym M., Hurt V., Kurylyak V., Löf M., Lombardi F., Matović B., Mohren F., Motta R., den Ouden J., Pach M., Ponette Q., Schütze G., Schweig J., Skrzyszewski J., Sramek V., Sterba H., Stojanović D., Svoboda M., Vanhellemont M., Verheyen K., Wellhausen K., Zlatanov T., Bravo-Oviedo A., Growth and yield of mixed versus pure stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe, 10.1007/s10342-015-0900-4
  80. Mixed-Species Forests, ISBN:9783662545515, 10.1007/978-3-662-54553-9
  81. Reineke LH (1933) Perfecting a stand-density index for even-aged forests. J Agric Res 46:627–638
  82. Riofrío José, del Río Miren, Pretzsch Hans, Bravo Felipe, Changes in structural heterogeneity and stand productivity by mixing Scots pine and Maritime pine, 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.09.036
  83. Roloff A, Bärtels A, Schulz B (2008) Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung, 3rd edn. Ulmer, Stuttgart
  84. Rothe Andreas, Binkley Dan, Nutritional interactions in mixed species forests: a synthesis, 10.1139/x01-120
  85. Sharma Rajesh K., Mason Euan G., Sorensson Charles T., Productivity of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don.) clones in monoclonal and clonal mixture plots at age 12 years, 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.08.033
  86. Spellmann H, Albert M, Schmidt M, Sutmöller J, Overbeck M (2011) Waldbauliche Anpassungsstrategien für veränderte Klimaverhältnisse. AFZ-Der Wald 11:19–23
  87. Staudhammer Christina L., Jokela Eric J., Martin Timothy A., Competition dynamics in pure- versus mixed-family stands of loblolly and slash pine in the southeastern United States, 10.1139/x08-184
  88. Steckel M., Heym M., Wolff B., Reventlow D.O.J., Pretzsch H., Transgressive overyielding in mixed compared with monospecific Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Quercus robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) stands – Productivity gains increase with annual water supply, 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.02.038
  89. Toïgo Maude, Vallet Patrick, Perot Thomas, Bontemps Jean-Daniel, Piedallu Christian, Courbaud Benoit, Overyielding in mixed forests decreases with site productivity, 10.1111/1365-2745.12353
  90. Toïgo Maude, Perot Thomas, Courbaud Benoit, Castagneyrol Bastien, Gégout Jean-Claude, Longuetaud Fleur, Jactel Hervé, Vallet Patrick, Difference in shade tolerance drives the mixture effect on oak productivity, 10.1111/1365-2745.12811
  91. Vanhellemont Margot, Sousa-Silva Rita, Maes Sybryn L., Van den Bulcke Jan, Hertzog Lionel, De Groote Stefanie R.E., Van Acker Joris, Bonte Dries, Martel An, Lens Luc, Verheyen Kris, Distinct growth responses to drought for oak and beech in temperate mixed forests, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.054
  92. von Lüpke B, Hauskeller-Bullerjahn K (2004) Beitrag zur Modellierung der Jungwuchsentwicklung am Beispiel von Traubeneichen-Buchen-Mischverjüngungen. Allg Forst-u J-Ztg 175:61–69
  93. Wiedemann E (1943) Kiefern-Ertragstafel für mäßige Durchforstung, starke Durchforstung und Lichtung. In: Wiedemann E (ed) Die Kiefer 1948. Verlag M & H Schaper, Hannover
  94. Williams Laura J., Paquette Alain, Cavender-Bares Jeannine, Messier Christian, Reich Peter B., Spatial complementarity in tree crowns explains overyielding in species mixtures, 10.1038/s41559-016-0063
  95. Knigge W, Schulz H (1966) Grundriss der Forstbenutzung. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg, Berlin
  96. Pretzsch Hans, Forest Dynamics, Growth, and Yield, Forest Dynamics, Growth and Yield (2009) ISBN:9783540883067 p.1-39, 10.1007/978-3-540-88307-4_1
Bibliographic reference Pretzsch, H. ; Steckel, M. ; Heym, M. ; Biber, P. ; Ammer, C. ; et. al. Stand growth and structure of mixed-species and monospecific stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Q. robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe. In: European Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 139, p. 349-367 (2020)
Permanent URL http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/221122