User menu

Accès à distance ? S'identifier sur le proxy UCLouvain

Androgen-targeted therapy in men with prostate cancer: evolving practice and future considerations.

Primary tabs

download
  • Open access
  • PDF
  • 733.47 K
Crawford, E David Heidenreich, Axel Lawrentschuk, Nathan Tombal, Bertrand [UCL] Pompeo, Antonio C L Klotz, Laurence

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is foundational in the management of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) and has benefitted from a recent explosion in scientific advances. These include approval of new therapies that suppress testosterone (T) levels or inactivate its function, improvements in diagnostic and assay technologies, identification of lower therapeutic targets for T, discovery of the relevance of germline genetic mutations and identification of the benefits of sequential and combination therapies. This review discusses the clinical profiles of the most up-to-date options for ADT, best practices for managing patients with advanced PCa and future directions in therapy. Modern assay technologies reveal that bilateral orchiectomy results in a serum T level of approximately 15 ng/dL as compared to the historical definition of castration of T < 50 ng/dL. Evidence shows that lowering T levels to <20 ng/dL improves patient survival and delays disease progression. Routine monitoring of T in addition to prostate-specific antigen throughout treatment is important to ensure continuing efficacy of T suppression. New drugs that inhibit androgen signaling in combination with traditional ADT suppress T activity to near zero and have significantly improved patient survival. When personalizing ADT regimens physicians should consider a number of factors including initiation and duration of ADT, monitoring of T levels and PSA, the possibility of switching monotherapies if a patient does not achieve adequate T suppression, and consideration of intermittent vs. continuous ADT according to patients' lifestyles, comorbidities, risk factors and tolerance to treatment.

Document type Article de périodique (Journal article) – Synthèse de littérature
Access type Accès libre
Publication date 2019
Language Anglais
Journal information "Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases" - Vol. 22, p. 24-38 (2019)
Peer reviewed yes
Publisher Nature Publishing Group (London)
issn 1365-7852
e-issn 1476-5608
Publication status Publié
Affiliations UCL - SSS/IREC/CHEX - Pôle de chirgurgie expérimentale et transplantation
UCL - (SLuc) Service d'urologie
Links
  1. Key statistics for prostate cancer. American Cancer Society; 2016.
  2. Cancer stat facts: common cancer sites. National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, End Results Program. National Institute of Health; 2017.
  3. Cancer stat facts: prostate cancer. National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. National Institute of Health; 2017.
  4. Higgins I.T.T., The epidemiology of cancer of the prostate, 10.1016/0021-9681(75)90029-6
  5. Wilding G. The importance of steroid hormones in prostate cancer. Cancer Surv. 1992;14:113–130.
  6. Culig Zoran, Santer Frédéric R., Androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer, 10.1007/s10555-013-9474-0
  7. Oefelein Michael G, Feng Adrian, Scolieri Michael J, Ricchiutti Daniel, Resnick Martin I, Reassessment of the definition of castrate levels of testosterone: implications for clinical decision making, 10.1016/s0090-4295(00)00793-7
  8. Isikbay Masis, Otto Kristen, Kregel Steven, Kach Jacob, Cai Yi, Vander Griend Donald J., Conzen Suzanne D., Szmulewitz Russell Z., Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity Contributes to Resistance to Androgen-Targeted Therapy in Prostate Cancer, 10.1007/s12672-014-0173-2
  9. Nouri Mannan, Ratther Ellca, Stylianou Nataly, Nelson Colleen C., Hollier Brett G., Williams Elizabeth D., Androgen-Targeted Therapy-Induced Epithelial Mesenchymal Plasticity and Neuroendocrine Transdifferentiation in Prostate Cancer: An Opportunity for Intervention, 10.3389/fonc.2014.00370
  10. Ceder Yvonne, Bjartell Anders, Culig Zoran, Rubin Mark A., Tomlins Scott, Visakorpi Tapio, The Molecular Evolution of Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer, 10.1016/j.euf.2016.11.012
  11. Parimi V, Goyal R, Poropatich K, Yang XJ. Neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer: a review. Am J Clin Exp Urol. 2014;2:273–285.
  12. Hu Jieping, Wang Gongxian, Sun Ting, Dissecting the roles of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer from molecular perspectives, 10.1177/1010428317692259
  13. Klotz L, Toren P. Androgen deprivation therapy in advanced prostate cancer: is intermittent therapy the new standard of care? Curr Oncol. 2012;19(Suppl 3):S13–21.
  14. Perachino Massimo, Cavalli Valerio, Bravi Fabio, Testosterone levels in patients with metastatic prostate cancer treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone therapy: prognostic significance?, 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08814.x
  15. Klotz Laurence, O'Callaghan Chris, Ding Keyue, Toren Paul, Dearnaley David, Higano Celestia S., Horwitz Eric, Malone Shawn, Goldenberg Larry, Gospodarowicz Mary, Crook Juanita M., Nadir Testosterone Within First Year of Androgen-Deprivation Therapy (ADT) Predicts for Time to Castration-Resistant Progression: A Secondary Analysis of the PR-7 Trial of Intermittent Versus Continuous ADT, 10.1200/jco.2014.58.2973
  16. Gründker Carsten, Emons Günter, The Role of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Cancer Cell Proliferation and Metastasis, 10.3389/fendo.2017.00187
  17. Ferraldeschi R., Sharifi N., Auchus R. J., Attard G., Molecular Pathways: Inhibiting Steroid Biosynthesis in Prostate Cancer, 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0931
  18. Crona Daniel, Whang Young, Androgen Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms Involved in Prostate Cancer Therapy Resistance, 10.3390/cancers9060067
  19. Liu Hongli, Wang Lingyan, Tian Jiaqi, Li Jiazhong, Liu Huanxiang, Molecular Dynamics Studies on the Enzalutamide Resistance Mechanisms Induced by Androgen Receptor Mutations : MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDIES ON THE ENZALUTAMIDE , 10.1002/jcb.25928
  20. Boccardo Francesco, Hormone therapy of prostate cancer: is there a role for antiandrogen monotherapy?, 10.1016/s1040-8428(00)00051-2
  21. Heidenreich Axel, Bastian Patrick J., Bellmunt Joaquim, Bolla Michel, Joniau Steven, van der Kwast Theodor, Mason Malcolm, Matveev Vsevolod, Wiegel Thomas, Zattoni Filiberto, Mottet Nicolas, EAU Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part II: Treatment of Advanced, Relapsing, and Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.11.002
  22. IVERSEN PETER, TYRRELL CHRIS J., KAISARY AMIR V., ANDERSON JOHN B., VAN POPPEL HEIN, TAMMELA TEUVO L.J., CHAMBERLAIN MICHAEL, CARROLL KEVIN, MELEZINEK IVAN, BICALUTAMIDE MONOTHERAPY COMPARED WITH CASTRATION IN PATIENTS WITH NONMETASTATIC LOCALLY ADVANCED PROSTATE CANCER: 6.3 YEARS OF FOLLOWUP, 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67032-2
  23. Cooke B.A., Sullivan M.H.F., The mechanisms of LHRH agonist action in gonadal tissues, 10.1016/0303-7207(85)90013-9
  24. Damber Jan-Erik, Tammela Teuvo L.J., Iversen Peter, Abrahamsson Per-Anders, Boccon-Gibod Laurent, Olesen Tine Kold, van der Meulen Egbert, Persson Bo-Eric, The Effect of Baseline Testosterone on the Efficacy of Degarelix and Leuprolide: Further Insights From A 12-Month, Comparative, Phase III Study in Prostate Cancer Patients, 10.1016/j.urology.2012.01.092
  25. LUPRON DEPOT® (leuprolide acetate for depot suspension) [prescribing information]. North Chicago, IL, USA: Abbott Laboratories; 2016.
  26. ELIGARD® (leuprolide acetate for injectable suspension) [prescribing information]. Fort Collins, CO, USA: Tolmar Pharmaceuticals Inc; 2017.
  27. TRELSTAR® (triptorelin pamoate injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension) [prescribing information]. Parsippany, NJ, USA: Actavis Pharma, Inc.; 2014.
  28. ZOLADEX® (goserelin acetate implant) 10.8 mg [prescribing information]. Lake Forest, IL, USA: TerSera Therapeutics; 2017.
  29. ZOLADEX® (goserelin acetate implant) 3.6 mg [prescribing information]. Lake Forest, IL, USA: TerSera Therapeutics; 2016.
  30. Vantas™ (histrelin implant) [prescribing information]. Newbury, NJ, USA: Valera Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2014.
  31. Crawford E David, Moul Judd W, Sartor Oliver, Shore Neal D, Extended release, 6-month formulations of leuprolide acetate for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer: achieving testosterone levels below 20 ng/dl, 10.1517/17425255.2015.1073711
  32. Shore Neal D., Chu Franklin, Moul Judd, Saltzstein Daniel, Concepcion Raoul, McLane John A., Atkinson Stuart, Yang Alex, Crawford E. David, Polymer-delivered subcutaneous leuprolide acetate formulations achieve and maintain castrate concentrations of testosterone in four open-label studies in patients with advanced prostate cancer, 10.1111/bju.13482
  33. Spitz A, Gittelman M, Karsh LI, Dragnic S, Soliman AM, Lele A, et al. Intramuscular depot formulations of leuprolide acetate suppress testosterone levels below a 20 ng/dL threshold: a retrospective analysis of two Phase III studies. Res Rep Urol. 2016;8:159–164.
  34. McLeod David, Zinner Norman, Tomera Kevin, Gleason Donald, Fotheringham Nick, Campion Marilyn, Garnick Marc B, A phase 3, multicenter, open-label, randomized study of abarelix versus leuprolide acetate in men with prostate cancer, 10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01342-5
  35. Kao Chien-Chang, Chang Yen-Hwa, Wu Tony, Sun Guang-Huan, Yu Dah-Shyong, Chang Sun-Yran, Cha Tai-Lung, Open, multi-center, phase IV study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of triptorelin in Taiwanese patients with advanced prostate cancer, 10.1016/j.jcma.2012.04.010
  36. Silva Élcio Dias, Ferreira Ubirajara, Matheus Wagner, Faria Eliney F., Silva Gustavo D., Saito Minori, de Souza Auro A. S., Laranjo Azuil, Clark Otavio, Magna Luis Alberto, Castilho Lísias Nogueira, Reis Leonardo Oliveira, Goserelin versus leuprolide in the chemical castration of patients with prostate cancer, 10.1007/s11255-012-0134-z
  37. Saltzstein Daniel, Shore Neal D., Moul Judd W., Chu Franklin, Concepcion Raoul, de la Motte Stephan, McLane John A., Atkinson Stuart, Yang Alex, Crawford E. David, Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of subcutaneous versus intramuscular leuprolide acetate formulations in male subjects, 10.1177/1756287217738150
  38. Saltzstein D, McLane JA, Atkinson S, Boldt-Houle D, Renzulli JF. Biodegradable polymer-delivered, subcutaneously administered leuprolide acetate consistently achieved low nadir testosterone levels ≤5 ng/dL. 28th Annual International Prostate Cancer Update; Beaver Creek, CO.
  39. Kiratli B.Jenny, Srinivas Sandy, Perkash Inder, Terris Martha K, Progressive decrease in bone density over 10 years of androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer, 10.1016/s0090-4295(00)00895-5
  40. MOORJANI SITAL, DUPONT ANDRÉ, LABRIE FERNAND, LUPIEN PAUL-J., GAGNE CLAUDÉ, BRUN DANIEL, GIGUÉRE MICHEL, BÉLANGER ALAIN, CUSAN LIONELLO, Changes in Plasma Lipoproteins During Various Androgen Suppression Therapies in Men With Prostatic Carcinoma: Effects of Orchiectomy, Estrogen, and Combination Treatment With Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonist and Flutamide, 10.1210/jcem-66-2-314
  41. Seidell Jacob C., Björntorp Per, Sjöström Lars, Kvist Henry, Sannerstedt Rune, Visceral fat accumulation in men is positively associated with insulin, glucose, and C-peptide levels, but negatively with testosterone levels, 10.1016/0026-0495(90)90297-p
  42. Crawford ED, Hou AH. The role of LHRH antagonists in the treatment of prostate cancer. Oncology. 2009;23:626–630.
  43. Firmagon® (degarelix for injection) [prescribing information]. Parsippany, NJ, USA: Ferring Pharmaceuticals; 2016.
  44. Plenaxis (abarelix for injectable suspension) [Physician package insert]. Little Falls, NJ, USA: Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2001.
  45. Klotz Laurence, Boccon-Gibod Laurent, Shore Neal D., Andreou Cal, Persson Bo-Eric, Cantor Per, Jensen Jens-Kristian, Olesen Tine Kold, Schröder Fritz H., The efficacy and safety of degarelix: a 12-month, comparative, randomized, open-label, parallel-group phase III study in patients with prostate cancer, 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.08183.x
  46. Soga Norihito, Kageyama Takumi, Ogura Yuji, Yamada Tomomi, Hayashi Norio, Clinical Effect of Switching from a Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonist to an Antagonist in Patients with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Serum Testosterone Level ≥ 20 ng/dl, 10.1159/000442848
  47. Garnick Marc B., Mottet Nicolas, New treatment paradigm for prostate cancer: abarelix initiation therapy for immediate testosterone suppression followed by a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist : NEW TREATMENT PARADIGM FOR PROSTATE CANCER, 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10708.x
  48. Klotz Laurence, Miller Kurt, Crawford E. David, Shore Neal, Tombal Bertrand, Karup Cathrina, Malmberg Anders, Persson Bo-Eric, Disease Control Outcomes from Analysis of Pooled Individual Patient Data from Five Comparative Randomised Clinical Trials of Degarelix Versus Luteinising Hormone-releasing Hormone Agonists, 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.12.063
  49. Albertsen Peter C., Klotz Laurence, Tombal Bertrand, Grady James, Olesen Tine K., Nilsson Jan, Cardiovascular Morbidity Associated with Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Agonists and an Antagonist, 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.10.032
  50. Crawford E. David, Shore Neal D., Petrylak Daniel P., Higano Celestia S., Ryan Charles J., Abiraterone acetate and prednisone in chemotherapy-naïve prostate cancer patients: rationale, evidence and clinical utility, 10.1177/1758834017698644
  51. Taplin Mary-Ellen, Montgomery Bruce, Logothetis Christopher J., Bubley Glenn J., Richie Jerome P., Dalkin Bruce L., Sanda Martin G., Davis John W., Loda Massimo, True Lawrence D., Troncoso Patricia, Ye Huihui, Lis Rosina T., Marck Brett T., Matsumoto Alvin M., Balk Steven P., Mostaghel Elahe A., Penning Trevor M., Nelson Peter S., Xie Wanling, Jiang Zhenyang, Haqq Christopher M., Tamae Daniel, Tran NamPhuong, Peng Weimin, Kheoh Thian, Molina Arturo, Kantoff Philip W., Intense Androgen-Deprivation Therapy With Abiraterone Acetate Plus Leuprolide Acetate in Patients With Localized High-Risk Prostate Cancer: Results of a Randomized Phase II Neoadjuvant Study, 10.1200/jco.2013.53.4578
  52. de Bono Johann S., Logothetis Christopher J., Molina Arturo, Fizazi Karim, North Scott, Chu Luis, Chi Kim N., Jones Robert J., Goodman Oscar B., Saad Fred, Staffurth John N., Mainwaring Paul, Harland Stephen, Flaig Thomas W., Hutson Thomas E., Cheng Tina, Patterson Helen, Hainsworth John D., Ryan Charles J., Sternberg Cora N., Ellard Susan L., Fléchon Aude, Saleh Mansoor, Scholz Mark, Efstathiou Eleni, Zivi Andrea, Bianchini Diletta, Loriot Yohann, Chieffo Nicole, Kheoh Thian, Haqq Christopher M., Scher Howard I., Abiraterone and Increased Survival in Metastatic Prostate Cancer, 10.1056/nejmoa1014618
  53. Ryan Charles J, Smith Matthew R, Fizazi Karim, Saad Fred, Mulders Peter F A, Sternberg Cora N, Miller Kurt, Logothetis Christopher J, Shore Neal D, Small Eric J, Carles Joan, Flaig Thomas W, Taplin Mary-Ellen, Higano Celestia S, de Souza Paul, de Bono Johann S, Griffin Thomas W, De Porre Peter, Yu Margaret K, Park Youn C, Li Jinhui, Kheoh Thian, Naini Vahid, Molina Arturo, Rathkopf Dana E, Abiraterone acetate plus prednisone versus placebo plus prednisone in chemotherapy-naive men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (COU-AA-302): final overall survival analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study, 10.1016/s1470-2045(14)71205-7
  54. Fizazi Karim, Tran NamPhuong, Fein Luis, Matsubara Nobuaki, Rodriguez-Antolin Alfredo, Alekseev Boris Y., Özgüroğlu Mustafa, Ye Dingwei, Feyerabend Susan, Protheroe Andrew, De Porre Peter, Kheoh Thian, Park Youn C., Todd Mary B., Chi Kim N., Abiraterone plus Prednisone in Metastatic, Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer, 10.1056/nejmoa1704174
  55. James Nicholas D., de Bono Johann S., Spears Melissa R., Clarke Noel W., Mason Malcolm D., Dearnaley David P., Ritchie Alastair W.S., Amos Claire L., Gilson Clare, Jones Rob J., Matheson David, Millman Robin, Attard Gerhardt, Chowdhury Simon, Cross William R., Gillessen Silke, Parker Christopher C., Russell J. Martin, Berthold Dominik R., Brawley Chris, Adab Fawzi, Aung San, Birtle Alison J., Bowen Jo, Brock Susannah, Chakraborti Prabir, Ferguson Catherine, Gale Joanna, Gray Emma, Hingorani Mohan, Hoskin Peter J., Lester Jason F., Malik Zafar I., McKinna Fiona, McPhail Neil, Money-Kyrle Julian, O’Sullivan Joe, Parikh Omi, Protheroe Andrew, Robinson Angus, Srihari Narayanan N., Thomas Carys, Wagstaff John, Wylie James, Zarkar Anjali, Parmar Mahesh K.B., Sydes Matthew R., Abiraterone for Prostate Cancer Not Previously Treated with Hormone Therapy, 10.1056/nejmoa1702900
  56. Shore Neal D, Chowdhury Simon, Villers Arnauld, Klotz Laurence, Siemens D Robert, Phung De, van Os Steve, Hasabou Nahla, Wang Fong, Bhattacharya Suman, Heidenreich Axel, Efficacy and safety of enzalutamide versus bicalutamide for patients with metastatic prostate cancer (TERRAIN): a randomised, double-blind, phase 2 study, 10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00518-5
  57. Penson David F., Armstrong Andrew J., Concepcion Raoul, Agarwal Neeraj, Olsson Carl, Karsh Lawrence, Dunshee Curtis, Wang Fong, Wu Kenneth, Krivoshik Andrew, Phung De, Higano Celestia S., Enzalutamide Versus Bicalutamide in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: The STRIVE Trial, 10.1200/jco.2015.64.9285
  58. ZYTIGA® (abiraterone acetate) Tablets [prescribing information]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc.; 2018.
  59. Scher Howard I., Fizazi Karim, Saad Fred, Taplin Mary-Ellen, Sternberg Cora N., Miller Kurt, de Wit Ronald, Mulders Peter, Chi Kim N., Shore Neal D., Armstrong Andrew J., Flaig Thomas W., Fléchon Aude, Mainwaring Paul, Fleming Mark, Hainsworth John D., Hirmand Mohammad, Selby Bryan, Seely Lynn, de Bono Johann S., Increased Survival with Enzalutamide in Prostate Cancer after Chemotherapy, 10.1056/nejmoa1207506
  60. Beer Tomasz M., Armstrong Andrew J., Rathkopf Dana E., Loriot Yohann, Sternberg Cora N., Higano Celestia S., Iversen Peter, Bhattacharya Suman, Carles Joan, Chowdhury Simon, Davis Ian D., de Bono Johann S., Evans Christopher P., Fizazi Karim, Joshua Anthony M., Kim Choung-Soo, Kimura Go, Mainwaring Paul, Mansbach Harry, Miller Kurt, Noonberg Sarah B., Perabo Frank, Phung De, Saad Fred, Scher Howard I., Taplin Mary-Ellen, Venner Peter M., Tombal Bertrand, Enzalutamide in Metastatic Prostate Cancer before Chemotherapy, 10.1056/nejmoa1405095
  61. Xtandi® (enzalutamide). Northbrook, IL USA: Astellas Pharma US, Inc.; 2017.
  62. ERLEADA™ (apalutamide) tablets, for oral use. Highlights of prescribing information. Horsham, PA: Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies; 2018.
  63. Fizazi Karim, Massard Christophe, Bono Petri, Jones Robert, Kataja Vesa, James Nicholas, Garcia Jorge A, Protheroe Andrew, Tammela Teuvo L, Elliott Tony, Mattila Leena, Aspegren John, Vuorela Annamari, Langmuir Peter, Mustonen Mika, Activity and safety of ODM-201 in patients with progressive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (ARADES): an open-label phase 1 dose-escalation and randomised phase 2 dose expansion trial, 10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70240-2
  64. MacLean David B., Shi Hongliang, Faessel Hélène M., Saad Fred, Medical Castration Using the Investigational Oral GnRH Antagonist TAK-385 (Relugolix): Phase 1 Study in Healthy Males, 10.1210/jc.2015-2770
  65. Ruddy K., Mayer E., Partridge A., Patient adherence and persistence with oral anticancer treatment, 10.3322/caac.20004
  66. Lawrentschuk Nathan, Fernandes Kimberly, Bell David, Barkin Jack, Fleshner Neil, Efficacy of a Second Line Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonist After Advanced Prostate Cancer Biochemical Recurrence, 10.1016/j.juro.2010.10.055
  67. Mottet Nicolas, Bellmunt Joaquim, Bolla Michel, Briers Erik, Cumberbatch Marcus G., De Santis Maria, Fossati Nicola, Gross Tobias, Henry Ann M., Joniau Steven, Lam Thomas B., Mason Malcolm D., Matveev Vsevolod B., Moldovan Paul C., van den Bergh Roderick C.N., Van den Broeck Thomas, van der Poel Henk G., van der Kwast Theo H., Rouvière Olivier, Schoots Ivo G., Wiegel Thomas, Cornford Philip, EAU-ESTRO-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part 1: Screening, Diagnosis, and Local Treatment with Curative Intent, 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.08.003
  68. Bruchovsky N, Rennie PS, Coldman AJ, Goldenberg SL, To M, Lawson D. Effects of androgen withdrawal on the stem cell composition of the Shionogi carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1990;50:2275–2282.
  69. Hussain Maha, Tangen Catherine M., Berry Donna L., Higano Celestia S., Crawford E. David, Liu Glenn, Wilding George, Prescott Stephen, Kanaga Sundaram Subramanian, Small Eric Jay, Dawson Nancy Ann, Donnelly Bryan J., Venner Peter M., Vaishampayan Ulka N., Schellhammer Paul F., Quinn David I., Raghavan Derek, Ely Benjamin, Moinpour Carol M., Vogelzang Nicholas J., Thompson Ian M., Intermittent versus Continuous Androgen Deprivation in Prostate Cancer, 10.1056/nejmoa1212299
  70. Salonen Arto J., Taari Kimmo, Ala-Opas Martti, Sankila Anna, Viitanen Jouko, Lundstedt Seppo, Tammela Teuvo L. J., , Comparison of intermittent and continuous androgen deprivation and quality of life between patients with locally advanced and patients with metastatic prostate cancer: a post hoc analysis of the randomized FinnProstate Study VII, 10.3109/21681805.2014.901410
  71. Schulman Claude, Cornel Erik, Matveev Vsevolod, Tammela Teuvo L., Schraml Jan, Bensadoun Henri, Warnack Wolfgang, Persad Raj, Salagierski Marek, Gómez Veiga Francisco, Baskin-Bey Edwina, López Beatriz, Tombal Bertrand, Intermittent Versus Continuous Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Patients with Relapsing or Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer: A Phase 3b Randomised Study (ICELAND), 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.10.007
  72. Hershman Dawn L., Unger Joseph M., Wright Jason D., Ramsey Scott, Till Cathee, Tangen Catherine M., Barlow William E., Blanke Charles, Thompson Ian M, Hussain Maha, Adverse Health Events Following Intermittent and Continuous Androgen Deprivation in Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer, 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.4655
  73. Saini Sharanjot, PSA and beyond: alternative prostate cancer biomarkers, 10.1007/s13402-016-0268-6
  74. Shahidi M, Norman AR, Gadd J, Huddart RA, Horwich A, Dearnaley DP. Recovery of serum testosterone, LH and FSH levels following neoadjuvant hormone cytoreduction and radical radiotherapy in localized prostate cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2001;13:291–295.
  75. Swerdloff RS, Walsh PC. Testosterone and oestradiol suppression of LH and FSH in adult male rats: duration of castration, duration of treatment and combined treatment. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1973;73:11–21.
  76. Morote Juan, Planas Jacques, Ramirez Cristobal, Gómez Esther, Raventós Carles X., Placer José, Catalán Roberto, de Torres Inés M., Evaluation of the serum testosterone to prostate-specific antigen ratio as a predictor of prostate cancer risk, 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08761.x
  77. Morote Juan, Ramirez Cristobal, Gómez Esther, Planas Jacques, Raventós Carles X., de Torres Inés M., Catalán Roberto, The relationship between total and free serum testosterone and the risk of prostate cancer and tumour aggressiveness, 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08378.x
  78. van der Sluis Tim M., Bui Hong N., Meuleman Eric J.H., Heijboer Annemieke C., Hartman Jeroen F., van Adrichem Nick, Boevé Egbert, de Ronde Willem, van Moorselaar R. Jeroen A., Vis André N., Lower Testosterone Levels With Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy Than With Surgical Castration: New Insights Attained by Mass Spectrometry, 10.1016/j.juro.2011.12.063
  79. Morote Juan, Comas Inma, Planas Jacques, Maldonado Xavier, Celma Ana, Placer José, Ferrer Roser, Carles Joan, Regis Lucas, Serum Testosterone Levels in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy, 10.1016/j.clgc.2017.10.025
  80. Heidenreich Axel, Bastian Patrick J., Bellmunt Joaquim, Bolla Michel, Joniau Steven, van der Kwast Theodor, Mason Malcolm, Matveev Vsevolod, Wiegel Thomas, Zattoni F., Mottet Nicolas, EAU Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part 1: Screening, Diagnosis, and Local Treatment with Curative Intent—Update 2013, 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.09.046
  81. Djavan Bob, Eastham James, Gomella Leonard, Tombal Bertrand, Taneja Samir, Dianat Seyed Saeid, Kazzazi Amir, Shore Neal, Abrahamsson Per-Anders, Cheetham Philippa, Moul Judd, Lepor Herbert, Crawford E. David, Testosterone in prostate cancer: the Bethesda consensus : ROLE OF TESTOSTERONE IN PROSTATE CANCER, 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10719.x
  82. NCCN guidelines for prostate cancer updated : Prostate cancer, 10.1038/nrurol.2014.350
  83. Dason S, Allard CB, Wang JG, Hoogenes J, Shayegan B. Intermittent androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: translating randomized controlled trials into clinical practice. Can J Urol. 2014;21:28–36.
  84. Kamada Shuhei, Sakamoto Shinichi, Ando Keisuke, Muroi Ayumi, Fuse Miki, Kawamura Koji, Imamoto Takashi, Suzuki Hiroyoshi, Nagata Maki, Nihei Naoki, Akakura Koichiro, Ichikawa Tomohiko, Nadir Testosterone after Long-Term Followup Predicts Prognosis in Patients with Prostate Cancer Treated with Combined Androgen Blockade, 10.1016/j.juro.2015.03.120
  85. Morote Juan, Orsola Anna, Planas Jacques, Trilla Enrique, Raventós Carles X., Cecchini Lluís, Catalán Roberto, Redefining Clinically Significant Castration Levels in Patients With Prostate Cancer Receiving Continuous Androgen Deprivation Therapy, 10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.129
  86. Ahmed S R, Grant J, Shalet S M, Howell A, Chowdhury S D, Weatherson T, Blacklock N J, Preliminary report on use of depot formulation of LHRH analogue ICI 118630 (Zoladex) in patients with prostatic cancer., 10.1136/bmj.290.6463.185
  87. Shore N D, Abrahamsson P-A, Anderson J, Crawford E D, Lange P, New considerations for ADT in advanced prostate cancer and the emerging role of GnRH antagonists, 10.1038/pcan.2012.25
  88. Gittelman Marc, Pommerville Peter J., Persson Bo-Eric, Jensen Jens-Kristian, Olesen Tine Kold, , A 1-Year, Open Label, Randomized Phase II Dose Finding Study of Degarelix for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer in North America, 10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.033
  89. Van Poppel Hendrik, Tombal Bertrand, de la Rosette Jean J., Persson Bo-Eric, Jensen Jens-Kristian, Kold Olesen Tine, Degarelix: A Novel Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor Blocker—Results from a 1-yr, Multicentre, Randomised, Phase 2 Dosage-Finding Study in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer, 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.04.065
  90. HUHTANIEMI ILPO T., DAHL KRISTINE D., RANNIKKO SAKARI, HSUEH AARON J. W., Serum Bioactive and Immunoreactive Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in Prostatic Cancer Patients During Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Treatment and After Orchidectomy*, 10.1210/jcem-66-2-308
  91. Garnick MB, Campion M. Abarelix Depot, a GnRH antagonist, v LHRH superagonists in prostate cancer: differential effects on follicle-stimulating hormone. Abarelix Depot study group. Mol Urol. 2000;4:275–277.
  92. Chen Dong-Yi, See Lai-Chu, Liu Jia-Rou, Chuang Cheng-Keng, Pang See-Tong, Hsieh I-Chang, Wen Ming-Shien, Chen Tien-Hsing, Lin Yung-Chang, Liaw Chuang-Chi, Hsu Cheng-Lung, Chang John Wen-Cheng, Kuo Chang-Fu, Huang Wen-Kuan, Risk of Cardiovascular Ischemic Events After Surgical Castration and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy for Prostate Cancer: A Nationwide Cohort Study, 10.1200/jco.2016.71.4204
  93. Crawford E. David, Schally Andrew V., Pinthus Jehonathan H., Block Norman L., Rick Ferenc G., Garnick Marc B., Eckel Robert H., Keane Thomas E., Shore Neal D., Dahdal David N., Beveridge Thomas J.R., Marshall Dennis C., The potential role of follicle-stimulating hormone in the cardiovascular, metabolic, skeletal, and cognitive effects associated with androgen deprivation therapy, 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.01.025
  94. Zareba Piotr, Duivenvoorden Wilhelmina, Leong Darryl P., Pinthus Jehonathan H., Androgen deprivation therapy and cardiovascular disease: what is the linking mechanism?, 10.1177/1756287215617872
  95. Carneiro Arie, Sasse Andre Deeke, Wagner Andrew Aurel, Peixoto Guilherme, Kataguiri André, Neto Ary Serpa, Bianco Bianca Alves Vieira, Chang Peter, Pompeo Antônio Carlos Lima, Tobias-Machado Marcos, Cardiovascular events associated with androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 10.1007/s00345-014-1439-6
  96. Barkin J. Risks, benefits, and approaches to hormonal blockade in prostate cancer. Highlights from the European Association of Urology Meeting, March 20−24, 2015, Madrid, Spain. Can J Urol. 2015;22:7847–7852.
  97. D’Amico Anthony V., Chen Ming-Hui, Renshaw Andrew A., Loffredo Marian, Kantoff Philip W., Androgen Suppression and Radiation vs Radiation Alone for Prostate Cancer : A Randomized Trial, 10.1001/jama.299.3.289
  98. Scher H, Roe M. A trial comparing cardiovascular safety of Degarelix versus Leuprolide in patients with advanced prostate cancer and cardiovascular disease (PRONOUNCE). NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2016.
  99. Balk Steven P., Ko Yoo-Joung, Bubley Glenn J., Biology of Prostate-Specific Antigen, 10.1200/jco.2003.02.083
  100. Jia L, Kim J, Shen H, Clark PE, Tilley WD, Coetzee GA. Androgen receptor activity at the prostate specific antigen locus: steroidal and non-steroidal mechanisms. Mol Cancer Res. 2003;1:385–392.
  101. Zhang J, Identification of two novel cis-elements in the promoter of the prostate-specific antigen gene that are required to enhance androgen receptor-mediated transactivation, 10.1093/nar/25.15.3143
  102. Oudard S., Banu E., Scotte F., Banu A., Medioni J., Beuzeboc P., Joly F., Ferrero J.-M., Goldwasser F., Andrieu J.-M., Prostate-specific antigen doubling time before onset of chemotherapy as a predictor of survival for hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients, 10.1093/annonc/mdm332
  103. Semeniuk Ross C., Venner Peter M., North Scott, Prostate-specific antigen doubling time is associated with survival in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer, 10.1016/j.urology.2006.03.055
  104. Murtha Patricia, Tindall Donald J., Young Charles Y. F., Androgen induction of a human prostate-specific kallikrein, hKLK2: Characterization of an androgen response element in the 5' promoter region of the gene, 10.1021/bi00076a020
  105. Khera Mohit, Crawford David, Morales Alvaro, Salonia Andrea, Morgentaler Abraham, A New Era of Testosterone and Prostate Cancer: From Physiology to Clinical Implications, 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.08.015
  106. Heidenreich A., Porres D., Epplen R., van Erps T., Pfister D., Wechsel des LHRH-Analogons beim progredienten kastrationsresistenten Prostatakarzinom, 10.1007/s00120-012-2948-9
  107. Morote Juan, Comas Inma, Planas Jacques, Celma Ana, Ferrer Roser, Regis Lucas, Behavior of chemiluminescent assays to measure serum testosterone during androgen deprivation therapy, 10.1111/iju.13180
  108. Matsumoto Alvin M., Bremner William J., Serum Testosterone Assays—Accuracy Matters, 10.1210/jc.2003-032175
  109. Voelcker L, Maschmann R. Study of Abiraterone Acetate plus ADT versus APALUTAMIDE versus Abiraterone and APALUTAMIDE in patients with advanced prostate cancer with non-castrate testosterone levels. NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2016.
  110. Taplin M-E. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant Abiraterone Acetate + Apalutamide prostate cancer undergoing prostatectomy. NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2016.
  111. Efstathiou E. Effects of Apalutamide plus LHRH agonist or Apalutamide plus Abiraterone Acetate plus LHRH agonist for six months for prostate cancer patients at high risk for recurrence. NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2017.
  112. Courtney KD. Enzalutamide and hormone therapy before, during, and after radiation for high risk localized prostate cancer. NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2014.
  113. Pfizer. Safety and efficacy study of Enzalutamide plus Leuprolide in patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer (EMBARK). NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2014.
  114. Wacker M. Enzalutamide versus standard androgen deprivation therapy for the treatment hormone sensitive prostate cancer. NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2014.
  115. Bayer. ODM-201 in addition to standard ADT and docetaxel in metastatic castration sensitive prostate cancer (ARASENS). NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2016.
  116. Garcia, MD JA. ARN-509 and Leuprolide in intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer. NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2016.
  117. Androgen receptor antagonist ARN-509 with or without Abiraterone Acetate, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog, and Prednisone in treating patients with high-risk prostate cancer undergoing surgery. NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2016.
  118. Pritchard Colin C., Mateo Joaquin, Walsh Michael F., De Sarkar Navonil, Abida Wassim, Beltran Himisha, Garofalo Andrea, Gulati Roman, Carreira Suzanne, Eeles Rosalind, Elemento Olivier, Rubin Mark A., Robinson Dan, Lonigro Robert, Hussain Maha, Chinnaiyan Arul, Vinson Jake, Filipenko Julie, Garraway Levi, Taplin Mary-Ellen, AlDubayan Saud, Han G. Celine, Beightol Mallory, Morrissey Colm, Nghiem Belinda, Cheng Heather H., Montgomery Bruce, Walsh Tom, Casadei Silvia, Berger Michael, Zhang Liying, Zehir Ahmet, Vijai Joseph, Scher Howard I., Sawyers Charles, Schultz Nikolaus, Kantoff Philip W., Solit David, Robson Mark, Van Allen Eliezer M., Offit Kenneth, de Bono Johann, Nelson Peter S., Inherited DNA-Repair Gene Mutations in Men with Metastatic Prostate Cancer, 10.1056/nejmoa1603144
  119. Mateo Joaquin, Carreira Suzanne, Sandhu Shahneen, Miranda Susana, Mossop Helen, Perez-Lopez Raquel, Nava Rodrigues Daniel, Robinson Dan, Omlin Aurelius, Tunariu Nina, Boysen Gunther, Porta Nuria, Flohr Penny, Gillman Alexa, Figueiredo Ines, Paulding Claire, Seed George, Jain Suneil, Ralph Christy, Protheroe Andrew, Hussain Syed, Jones Robert, Elliott Tony, McGovern Ursula, Bianchini Diletta, Goodall Jane, Zafeiriou Zafeiris, Williamson Chris T., Ferraldeschi Roberta, Riisnaes Ruth, Ebbs Bernardette, Fowler Gemma, Roda Desamparados, Yuan Wei, Wu Yi-Mi, Cao Xuhong, Brough Rachel, Pemberton Helen, A’Hern Roger, Swain Amanda, Kunju Lakshmi P., Eeles Rosalind, Attard Gerhardt, Lord Christopher J., Ashworth Alan, Rubin Mark A., Knudsen Karen E., Feng Felix Y., Chinnaiyan Arul M., Hall Emma, de Bono Johann S., DNA-Repair Defects and Olaparib in Metastatic Prostate Cancer, 10.1056/nejmoa1506859
  120. Graff JN, Alumkal JJ, Drake CG, Thomas GV, Redmond WL, Farhad M, et al. Early evidence of anti-PD-1 activity in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7:52810–52817.
  121. Soloway Mark S., Schellhammer Paul F., Smith Joseph A., Chodak Gerald W., Kennealey Gerald T., Bicalutamide in the treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma: a phase II multicenter trial, 10.1016/s0090-4295(96)80006-9
  122. YOSHIMURA KOJI, SUMIYOSHI YOSHITERU, HASHIMURA TAKAYUKI, UEDA TOMOHIRO, KAMIRYO YORIAKI, YAMAMOTO AKIHIRO, ARAI YOICHI, Neoadjuvant flutamide monotherapy for locally confined prostate cancer, 10.1046/j.0919-8172.2003.00601.x
  123. Serretta V., Daricello G., Dispensa N., Allegro R., Pavone C., Pavone-Macaluso M., Long-term outcome of antiandrogen monotherapy in advanced prostate carcinoma: 12-year results of a phase II study : FLUTAMIDE MONOTHERAPY IN PROSTATE CANCER, 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2003.04413.x
  124. Nakabayashi Mari, Regan Meredith M., Lifsey Deborah, Kantoff Philip W., Taplin Mary-Ellen, Sartor Oliver, Oh William K., Efficacy of nilutamide as secondary hormonal therapy in androgen-independent prostate cancer, 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2005.05714.x
  125. Debruyne Frans J.M., Murray Robin, Fradet Yves, Johansson Jan E., Tyrrell Chris, Boccardo Francesco, Denis Louis, Marberger J.Michael, Brune Daniel, Rassweiler Jens, Vangeneugden Tony, Bruynseels Jan, Janssens Monique, De Porre Peter, Liarozole—a novel treatment approach for advanced prostate cancer: results of a large randomized trial versus cyproterone acetate, 10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00129-0
  126. Verhagen Paul C. M. S., Wildhagen Mark F., Verkerk Annet M., Vjaters Egils, Pagi Hembo, Kukk Leonhard, Bratus Dejan, Fiala Richard, Bangma Chris H., Schröder Fritz H., Mickisch Gerald H. J., Intermittent versus continuous cyproterone acetate in bone metastatic prostate cancer: results of a randomized trial, 10.1007/s00345-013-1206-0
  127. Spitz A, Young J M, Larsen L, Mattia-Goldberg C, Donnelly J, Chwalisz K, Efficacy and safety of leuprolide acetate 6-month depot for suppression of testosterone in patients with prostate cancer, 10.1038/pcan.2011.50
  128. Lundström Eija A., Rencken Rupert K., van Wyk Johann H., Coetzee Lance J.E., Bahlmann Johann C.M., Reif Simon, Strasheim Erdam A., Bigalke Martin C., Pontin Alan R., Goedhals Louis, Steyn Douw G., Heyns Chris F., Aldera Luigi A., Mackenzie Thomas M., Purcea Daniela, Grosgurin Pierre Y., Porchet Hervé C., Triptorelin 6-Month Formulation in the Management of Patients with Locally Advanced and Metastatic Prostate Cancer : An Open-Label, Non-Comparative, Multicentre, Phase III Study, 10.2165/11319690-000000000-00000
  129. Breul Jürgen, Lundström Eija, Purcea Daniela, Venetz Werner P., Cabri Patrick, Dutailly Pascale, Goldfischer Evan R., Efficacy of Testosterone Suppression with Sustained-Release Triptorelin in Advanced Prostate Cancer, 10.1007/s12325-016-0466-7
  130. Wilke Derek, Patil Nikhilesh, Hollenhorst Helmut, Bowes David, Rutledge Robert, Ago Casely, Testosterone Suppression with Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) Agonists in Patients Receiving Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer, 10.1002/phar.2084
  131. Attard Gerhardt, Reid Alison H.M., A'Hern Roger, Parker Christopher, Oommen Nikhil Babu, Folkerd Elizabeth, Messiou Christina, Molife L. Rhoda, Maier Gal, Thompson Emilda, Olmos David, Sinha Rajesh, Lee Gloria, Dowsett Mitch, Kaye Stan B., Dearnaley David, Kheoh Thian, Molina Arturo, de Bono Johann S., Selective Inhibition of CYP17 With Abiraterone Acetate Is Highly Active in the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, 10.1200/jco.2008.20.0642
  132. Attard Gerhardt, Reid Alison H.M., Yap Timothy A., Raynaud Florence, Dowsett Mitch, Settatree Sarah, Barrett Mary, Parker Christopher, Martins Vanessa, Folkerd Elizabeth, Clark Jeremy, Cooper Colin S., Kaye Stan B., Dearnaley David, Lee Gloria, de Bono Johann S., Phase I Clinical Trial of a Selective Inhibitor of CYP17, Abiraterone Acetate, Confirms That Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Commonly Remains Hormone Driven, 10.1200/jco.2007.15.9749
  133. Smith Matthew R., Antonarakis Emmanuel S., Ryan Charles J., Berry William R., Shore Neal D., Liu Glenn, Alumkal Joshi J., Higano Celestia S., Chow Maneval Edna, Bandekar Rajesh, de Boer Carla J., Yu Margaret K., Rathkopf Dana E., Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Antitumor Activity of Apalutamide (ARN-509), a Potent Androgen Receptor Antagonist, in the High-risk Nonmetastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Cohort, 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.04.023
  134. Shore Neal D., Darolutamide (ODM-201) for the treatment of prostate cancer, 10.1080/14656566.2017.1329820
Bibliographic reference Crawford, E David ; Heidenreich, Axel ; Lawrentschuk, Nathan ; Tombal, Bertrand ; Pompeo, Antonio C L ; et. al. Androgen-targeted therapy in men with prostate cancer: evolving practice and future considerations.. In: Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, Vol. 22, p. 24-38 (2019)
Permanent URL http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/213002