Illness and death from diseases caused by contaminated food are a constant threat to public health and a significant impediment to socio-economic development worldwide. To measure the global and regional burden of foodborne disease (FBD), the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG), which here reports their first estimates of the incidence, mortality, and disease burden due to 31 foodborne hazards. We find that the global burden of FBD is comparable to those of the major infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. The most frequent causes of foodborne illness were diarrheal disease agents, particularly noro-virus and Campylobacter spp. Diarrheal disease agents, especially non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica, were also responsible for the majority of deaths due to FBD. Other major causes of FBD deaths were Salmonella Typhi, Taenia solium and hepatitis A virus. The global burden of FBD caused by the 31 hazards in 2010 was 33 million Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs); children under five years old bore 40% of this burden. The 14 subregions, defined on the basis of child and adult mortality, had considerably different burdens of FBD, with the greatest falling on the subregions in Africa, followed by the subregions in South-East Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean D subregion. Some hazards, such as non-typhoidal S. enterica, were important causes of FBD in all regions of the world, whereas others, such as certain parasitic helminths, were highly localised. Thus, the burden of FBD is borne particularly by children under five years old – although they represent only 9% of the global population – and people living in low-income regions of the world. These estimates are conservative, i.e., underestimates rather than overestimates; further studies are needed to address the data gaps and limitations of the study. Nevertheless, all stakeholders can contribute to improvements in food safety throughout the food chain by incorporating these estimates into policy development at national and international levels.
Frank Christina, Werber Dirk, Cramer Jakob P., Askar Mona, Faber Mirko, an der Heiden Matthias, Bernard Helen, Fruth Angelika, Prager Rita, Spode Anke, Wadl Maria, Zoufaly Alexander, Jordan Sabine, Kemper Markus J., Follin Per, Müller Luise, King Lisa A., Rosner Bettina, Buchholz Udo, Stark Klaus, Krause Gérard, Epidemic Profile of Shiga-Toxin–ProducingEscherichia coliO104:H4 Outbreak in Germany, 10.1056/nejmoa1106483
Ingelfinger Julie R., Melamine and the Global Implications of Food Contamination, 10.1056/nejmp0808410
Lim Stephen S, Vos Theo, Flaxman Abraham D, Danaei Goodarz, Shibuya Kenji, Adair-Rohani Heather, AlMazroa Mohammad A, Amann Markus, Anderson H Ross, Andrews Kathryn G, Aryee Martin, Atkinson Charles, Bacchus Loraine J, Bahalim Adil N, Balakrishnan Kalpana, Balmes John, Barker-Collo Suzanne, Baxter Amanda, Bell Michelle L, Blore Jed D, Blyth Fiona, Bonner Carissa, Borges Guilherme, Bourne Rupert, Boussinesq Michel, Brauer Michael, Brooks Peter, Bruce Nigel G, Brunekreef Bert, Bryan-Hancock Claire, Bucello Chiara, Buchbinder Rachelle, Bull Fiona, Burnett Richard T, Byers Tim E, Calabria Bianca, Carapetis Jonathan, Carnahan Emily, Chafe Zoe, Charlson Fiona, Chen Honglei, Chen Jian Shen, Cheng Andrew Tai-Ann, Child Jennifer Christine, Cohen Aaron, Colson K Ellicott, Cowie Benjamin C, Darby Sarah, Darling Susan, Davis Adrian, Degenhardt Louisa, Dentener Frank, Des Jarlais Don C, Devries Karen, Dherani Mukesh, Ding Eric L, Dorsey E Ray, Driscoll Tim, Edmond Karen, Ali Suad Eltahir, Engell Rebecca E, Erwin Patricia J, Fahimi Saman, Falder Gail, Farzadfar Farshad, Ferrari Alize, Finucane Mariel M, Flaxman Seth, Fowkes Francis Gerry R, Freedman Greg, Freeman Michael K, Gakidou Emmanuela, Ghosh Santu, Giovannucci Edward, Gmel Gerhard, Graham Kathryn, Grainger Rebecca, Grant Bridget, Gunnell David, Gutierrez Hialy R, Hall Wayne, Hoek Hans W, Hogan Anthony, Hosgood H Dean, Hoy Damian, Hu Howard, Hubbell Bryan J, Hutchings Sally J, Ibeanusi Sydney E, Jacklyn Gemma L, Jasrasaria Rashmi, Jonas Jost B, Kan Haidong, Kanis John A, Kassebaum Nicholas, Kawakami Norito, Khang Young-Ho, Khatibzadeh Shahab, Khoo Jon-Paul, Kok Cindy, Laden Francine, Lalloo Ratilal, Lan Qing, Lathlean Tim, Leasher Janet L, Leigh James, Li Yang, Lin John Kent, Lipshultz Steven E, London Stephanie, Lozano Rafael, Lu Yuan, Mak Joelle, Malekzadeh Reza, Mallinger Leslie, Marcenes Wagner, March Lyn, Marks Robin, Martin Randall, McGale Paul, McGrath John, Mehta Sumi, Memish Ziad A, Mensah George A, Merriman Tony R, Micha Renata, Michaud Catherine, Mishra Vinod, Hanafiah Khayriyyah Mohd, Mokdad Ali A, Morawska Lidia, Mozaffarian Dariush, Murphy Tasha, Naghavi Mohsen, Neal Bruce, Nelson Paul K, Nolla Joan Miquel, Norman Rosana, Olives Casey, Omer Saad B, Orchard Jessica, Osborne Richard, Ostro Bart, Page Andrew, Pandey Kiran D, Parry Charles DH, Passmore Erin, Patra Jayadeep, Pearce Neil, Pelizzari Pamela M, Petzold Max, Phillips Michael R, Pope Dan, Pope C Arden, Powles John, Rao Mayuree, Razavi Homie, Rehfuess Eva A, Rehm Jürgen T, Ritz Beate, Rivara Frederick P, Roberts Thomas, Robinson Carolyn, Rodriguez-Portales Jose A, Romieu Isabelle, Room Robin, Rosenfeld Lisa C, Roy Ananya, Rushton Lesley, Salomon Joshua A, Sampson Uchechukwu, Sanchez-Riera Lidia, Sanman Ella, Sapkota Amir, Seedat Soraya, Shi Peilin, Shield Kevin, Shivakoti Rupak, Singh Gitanjali M, Sleet David A, Smith Emma, Smith Kirk R, Stapelberg Nicolas JC, Steenland Kyle, Stöckl Heidi, Stovner Lars Jacob, Straif Kurt, Straney Lahn, Thurston George D, Tran Jimmy H, Van Dingenen Rita, van Donkelaar Aaron, Veerman J Lennert, Vijayakumar Lakshmi, Weintraub Robert, Weissman Myrna M, White Richard A, Whiteford Harvey, Wiersma Steven T, Wilkinson James D, Williams Hywel C, Williams Warwick, Wilson Nicholas, Woolf Anthony D, Yip Paul, Zielinski Jan M, Lopez Alan D, Murray Christopher JL, Ezzati Majid, A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8
(2006)
PLOS Collections
World Health Organization. The World Health Organization Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Dieseases: FERG Project Report. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/foodborne-diseases/ferg/en/, 2015
T Kuchenmüller, Euro Surveill, 14 (2009)
RJ Lake, 1, 260 (2013)
Havelaar Arie H, Cawthorne Amy, Angulo Fred, Bellinger David, Corrigan Tim, Cravioto Alejandro, Gibb Herman, Hald Tine, Ehiri John, Kirk Maryn, Lake Rob, Praet Nicolas, Speybroeck Niko, de Silva Nilanthi, Stein Claudia, Torgerson Paul, Kuchenmüller Tanja, WHO Initiative to Estimate the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases, 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61313-6
(2001)
Kirk Martyn D., Pires Sara M., Black Robert E., Caipo Marisa, Crump John A., Devleesschauwer Brecht, Döpfer Dörte, Fazil Aamir, Fischer-Walker Christa L., Hald Tine, Hall Aron J., Keddy Karen H., Lake Robin J., Lanata Claudio F., Torgerson Paul R., Havelaar Arie H., Angulo Frederick J., World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 22 Foodborne Bacterial, Protozoal, and Viral Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001921
(2014)
RM Cooke (1991)
T Hald, PLoS ONE
Ezzati Majid, Lopez Alan D, Rodgers Anthony, Vander Hoorn Stephen, Murray Christopher JL, Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease, 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11403-6
Kretzschmar Mirjam, Mangen Marie-Josée J., Pinheiro Paulo, Jahn Beate, Fèvre Eric M., Longhi Silvia, Lai Taavi, Havelaar Arie H., Stein Claudia, Cassini Alessandro, Kramarz Piotr, , New Methodology for Estimating the Burden of Infectious Diseases in Europe, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001205
McDonald Scott A, Devleesschauwer Brecht, Speybroeck Niko, Hens Niel, Praet Nicolas, Torgerson Paul R, Havelaar Arie H, Wu Felicia, Tremblay Marlène, Amene Ermias W, Döpfer Dörte, Data-driven methods for imputing national-level incidence in global burden of disease studies, 10.2471/blt.14.139972
Torgerson Paul R, Mastroiacovo Pierpaolo, The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review, 10.2471/blt.12.111732
H Gibb, F1000Research
Murray Christopher JL, Lopez Alan D, Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study, 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07495-8
Murray Christopher J L, Vos Theo, Lozano Rafael, Naghavi Mohsen, Flaxman Abraham D, Michaud Catherine, Ezzati Majid, Shibuya Kenji, Salomon Joshua A, Abdalla Safa, Aboyans Victor, Abraham Jerry, Ackerman Ilana, Aggarwal Rakesh, Ahn Stephanie Y, Ali Mohammed K, AlMazroa Mohammad A, Alvarado Miriam, Anderson H Ross, Anderson Laurie M, Andrews Kathryn G, Atkinson Charles, Baddour Larry M, Bahalim Adil N, Barker-Collo Suzanne, Barrero Lope H, Bartels David H, Basáñez Maria-Gloria, Baxter Amanda, Bell Michelle L, Benjamin Emelia J, Bennett Derrick, Bernabé Eduardo, Bhalla Kavi, Bhandari Bishal, Bikbov Boris, Abdulhak Aref Bin, Birbeck Gretchen, Black James A, Blencowe Hannah, Blore Jed D, Blyth Fiona, Bolliger Ian, Bonaventure Audrey, Boufous Soufiane, Bourne Rupert, Boussinesq Michel, Braithwaite Tasanee, Brayne Carol, Bridgett Lisa, Brooker Simon, Brooks Peter, Brugha Traolach S, Bryan-Hancock Claire, Bucello Chiara, Buchbinder Rachelle, Buckle Geoffrey, Budke Christine M, Burch Michael, Burney Peter, Burstein Roy, Calabria Bianca, Campbell Benjamin, Canter Charles E, Carabin Hélène, Carapetis Jonathan, Carmona Loreto, Cella Claudia, Charlson Fiona, Chen Honglei, Cheng Andrew Tai-Ann, Chou David, Chugh Sumeet S, Coffeng Luc E, Colan Steven D, Colquhoun Samantha, Colson K Ellicott, Condon John, Connor Myles D, Cooper Leslie T, Corriere Matthew, Cortinovis Monica, de Vaccaro Karen Courville, Couser William, Cowie Benjamin C, Criqui Michael H, Cross Marita, Dabhadkar Kaustubh C, Dahiya Manu, Dahodwala Nabila, Damsere-Derry James, Danaei Goodarz, Davis Adrian, Leo Diego De, Degenhardt Louisa, Dellavalle Robert, Delossantos Allyne, Denenberg Julie, Derrett Sarah, Des Jarlais Don C, Dharmaratne Samath D, Dherani Mukesh, Diaz-Torne Cesar, Dolk Helen, Dorsey E Ray, Driscoll Tim, Duber Herbert, Ebel Beth, Edmond Karen, Elbaz Alexis, Ali Suad Eltahir, Erskine Holly, Erwin Patricia J, Espindola Patricia, Ewoigbokhan Stalin E, Farzadfar Farshad, Feigin Valery, Felson David T, Ferrari Alize, Ferri Cleusa P, Fèvre Eric M, Finucane Mariel M, Flaxman Seth, Flood Louise, Foreman Kyle, Forouzanfar Mohammad H, Fowkes Francis Gerry R, Fransen Marlene, Freeman Michael K, Gabbe Belinda J, Gabriel Sherine E, Gakidou Emmanuela, Ganatra Hammad A, Garcia Bianca, Gaspari Flavio, Gillum Richard F, Gmel Gerhard, Gonzalez-Medina Diego, Gosselin Richard, Grainger Rebecca, Grant Bridget, Groeger Justina, Guillemin Francis, Gunnell David, Gupta Ramyani, Haagsma Juanita, Hagan Holly, Halasa Yara A, Hall Wayne, Haring Diana, Haro Josep Maria, Harrison James E, Havmoeller Rasmus, Hay Roderick J, Higashi Hideki, Hill Catherine, Hoen Bruno, Hoffman Howard, Hotez Peter J, Hoy Damian, Huang John J, Ibeanusi Sydney E, Jacobsen Kathryn H, James Spencer L, Jarvis Deborah, Jasrasaria Rashmi, Jayaraman Sudha, Johns Nicole, Jonas Jost B, Karthikeyan Ganesan, Kassebaum Nicholas, Kawakami Norito, Keren Andre, Khoo Jon-Paul, King Charles H, Knowlton Lisa Marie, Kobusingye Olive, Koranteng Adofo, Krishnamurthi Rita, Laden Francine, Lalloo Ratilal, Laslett Laura L, Lathlean Tim, Leasher Janet L, Lee Yong Yi, Leigh James, Levinson Daphna, Lim Stephen S, Limb Elizabeth, Lin John Kent, Lipnick Michael, Lipshultz Steven E, Liu Wei, Loane Maria, Ohno Summer Lockett, Lyons Ronan, Mabweijano Jacqueline, MacIntyre Michael F, Malekzadeh Reza, Mallinger Leslie, Manivannan Sivabalan, Marcenes Wagner, March Lyn, Margolis David J, Marks Guy B, Marks Robin, Matsumori Akira, Matzopoulos Richard, Mayosi Bongani M, McAnulty John H, McDermott Mary M, McGill Neil, McGrath John, Medina-Mora Maria Elena, Meltzer Michele, Memish Ziad A, Mensah George A, Merriman Tony R, Meyer Ana-Claire, Miglioli Valeria, Miller Matthew, Miller Ted R, Mitchell Philip B, Mock Charles, Mocumbi Ana Olga, Moffitt Terrie E, Mokdad Ali A, Monasta Lorenzo, Montico Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh Maziar, Moran Andrew, Morawska Lidia, Mori Rintaro, Murdoch Michele E, Mwaniki Michael K, Naidoo Kovin, Nair M Nathan, Naldi Luigi, Narayan K M Venkat, Nelson Paul K, Nelson Robert G, Nevitt Michael C, Newton Charles R, Nolte Sandra, Norman Paul, Norman Rosana, O'Donnell Martin, O'Hanlon Simon, Olives Casey, Omer Saad B, Ortblad Katrina, Osborne Richard, Ozgediz Doruk, Page Andrew, Pahari Bishnu, Pandian Jeyaraj Durai, Rivero Andrea Panozo, Patten Scott B, Pearce Neil, Padilla Rogelio Perez, Perez-Ruiz Fernando, Perico Norberto, Pesudovs Konrad, Phillips David, Phillips Michael R, Pierce Kelsey, Pion Sébastien, Polanczyk Guilherme V, Polinder Suzanne, Pope C Arden, Popova Svetlana, Porrini Esteban, Pourmalek Farshad, Prince Martin, Pullan Rachel L, Ramaiah Kapa D, Ranganathan Dharani, Razavi Homie, Regan Mathilda, Rehm Jürgen T, Rein David B, Remuzzi Guiseppe, Richardson Kathryn, Rivara Frederick P, Roberts Thomas, Robinson Carolyn, De Leòn Felipe Rodriguez, Ronfani Luca, Room Robin, Rosenfeld Lisa C, Rushton Lesley, Sacco Ralph L, Saha Sukanta, Sampson Uchechukwu, Sanchez-Riera Lidia, Sanman Ella, Schwebel David C, Scott James Graham, Segui-Gomez Maria, Shahraz Saeid, Shepard Donald S, Shin Hwashin, Shivakoti Rupak, Silberberg Donald, Singh David, Singh Gitanjali M, Singh Jasvinder A, Singleton Jessica, Sleet David A, Sliwa Karen, Smith Emma, Smith Jennifer L, Stapelberg Nicolas JC, Steer Andrew, Steiner Timothy, Stolk Wilma A, Stovner Lars Jacob, Sudfeld Christopher, Syed Sana, Tamburlini Giorgio, Tavakkoli Mohammad, Taylor Hugh R, Taylor Jennifer A, Taylor William J, Thomas Bernadette, Thomson W Murray, Thurston George D, Tleyjeh Imad M, Tonelli Marcello, Towbin Jeffrey A, Truelsen Thomas, Tsilimbaris Miltiadis K, Ubeda Clotilde, Undurraga Eduardo A, van der Werf Marieke J, van Os Jim, Vavilala Monica S, Venketasubramanian N, Wang Mengru, Wang Wenzhi, Watt Kerrianne, Weatherall David J, Weinstock Martin A, Weintraub Robert, Weisskopf Marc G, Weissman Myrna M, White Richard A, Whiteford Harvey, Wiebe Natasha, Wiersma Steven T, Wilkinson James D, Williams Hywel C, Williams Sean RM, Witt Emma, Wolfe Frederick, Woolf Anthony D, Wulf Sarah, Yeh Pon-Hsiu, Zaidi Anita KM, Zheng Zhi-Jie, Zonies David, Lopez Alan D, Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61689-4
World Health Organization. WHO methods and data sources for global burden of disease estimates 2000–2011. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2013 WHO/HIS/HSI/GHE/2013.4. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/GlobalDALYmethods_2000_2011.pdf
Salomon Joshua A, Vos Theo, Hogan Daniel R, Gagnon Michael, Naghavi Mohsen, Mokdad Ali, Begum Nazma, Shah Razibuzzaman, Karyana Muhammad, Kosen Soewarta, Farje Mario Reyna, Moncada Gilberto, Dutta Arup, Sazawal Sunil, Dyer Andrew, Seiler Jason, Aboyans Victor, Baker Lesley, Baxter Amanda, Benjamin Emelia J, Bhalla Kavi, Abdulhak Aref Bin, Blyth Fiona, Bourne Rupert, Braithwaite Tasanee, Brooks Peter, Brugha Traolach S, Bryan-Hancock Claire, Buchbinder Rachelle, Burney Peter, Calabria Bianca, Chen Honglei, Chugh Sumeet S, Cooley Rebecca, Criqui Michael H, Cross Marita, Dabhadkar Kaustubh C, Dahodwala Nabila, Davis Adrian, Degenhardt Louisa, Díaz-Torné Cesar, Dorsey E Ray, Driscoll Tim, Edmond Karen, Elbaz Alexis, Ezzati Majid, Feigin Valery, Ferri Cleusa P, Flaxman Abraham D, Flood Louise, Fransen Marlene, Fuse Kana, Gabbe Belinda J, Gillum Richard F, Haagsma Juanita, Harrison James E, Havmoeller Rasmus, Hay Roderick J, Hel-Baqui Abdullah, Hoek Hans W, Hoffman Howard, Hogeland Emily, Hoy Damian, Jarvis Deborah, Jonas Jost B, Karthikeyan Ganesan, Knowlton Lisa Marie, Lathlean Tim, Leasher Janet L, Lim Stephen S, Lipshultz Steven E, Lopez Alan D, Lozano Rafael, Lyons Ronan, Malekzadeh Reza, Marcenes Wagner, March Lyn, Margolis David J, McGill Neil, McGrath John, Mensah George A, Meyer Ana-Claire, Michaud Catherine, Moran Andrew, Mori Rintaro, Murdoch Michele E, Naldi Luigi, Newton Charles R, Norman Rosana, Omer Saad B, Osborne Richard, Pearce Neil, Perez-Ruiz Fernando, Perico Norberto, Pesudovs Konrad, Phillips David, Pourmalek Farshad, Prince Martin, Rehm Jürgen T, Remuzzi Guiseppe, Richardson Kathryn, Room Robin, Saha Sukanta, Sampson Uchechukwu, Sanchez-Riera Lidia, Segui-Gomez Maria, Shahraz Saeid, Shibuya Kenji, Singh David, Sliwa Karen, Smith Emma, Soerjomataram Isabelle, Steiner Timothy, Stolk Wilma A, Stovner Lars Jacob, Sudfeld Christopher, Taylor Hugh R, Tleyjeh Imad M, van der Werf Marieke J, Watson Wendy L, Weatherall David J, Weintraub Robert, Weisskopf Marc G, Whiteford Harvey, Wilkinson James D, Woolf Anthony D, Zheng Zhi-Jie, Murray Christopher JL, Common values in assessing health outcomes from disease and injury: disability weights measurement study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61680-8
Salomon Joshua A, Haagsma Juanita A, Davis Adrian, de Noordhout Charline Maertens, Polinder Suzanne, Havelaar Arie H, Cassini Alessandro, Devleesschauwer Brecht, Kretzschmar Mirjam, Speybroeck Niko, Murray Christopher J L, Vos Theo, Disability weights for the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study, 10.1016/s2214-109x(15)00069-8
(2014)
Devleesschauwer Brecht, Haagsma Juanita A., Angulo Frederick J., Bellinger David C., Cole Dana, Döpfer Dörte, Fazil Aamir, Fèvre Eric M., Gibb Herman J., Hald Tine, Kirk Martyn D., Lake Robin J., Maertens de Noordhout Charline, Mathers Colin D., McDonald Scott A., Pires Sara M., Speybroeck Niko, Thomas M. Kate, Torgerson Paul R., Wu Felicia, Havelaar Arie H., Praet Nicolas, Methodological Framework for World Health Organization Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Disease, 10.1371/journal.pone.0142498
de Noordhout Charline Maertens, Devleesschauwer Brecht, Angulo Frederick J, Verbeke Geert, Haagsma Juanita, Kirk Martyn, Havelaar Arie, Speybroeck Niko, The global burden of listeriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70870-9
Mead Paul S., Slutsker Laurence, Dietz Vance, McCaig Linda F., Bresee Joseph S., Shapiro Craig, Griffin Patricia M., Tauxe Robert V., Food-Related Illness and Death in the United States, 10.3201/eid0505.990502
Scallan Elaine, Hoekstra Robert M., Angulo Frederick J., Tauxe Robert V., Widdowson Marc-Alain, Roy Sharon L., Jones Jeffery L., Griffin Patricia M., Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States—Major Pathogens, 10.3201/eid1701.p11101
Scallan Elaine, Griffin Patricia M., Angulo Frederick J., Tauxe Robert V., Hoekstra Robert M., Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States—Unspecified Agents, 10.3201/eid1701.p21101
Adak G K, Trends in indigenous foodborne disease and deaths, England and Wales: 1992 to 2000, 10.1136/gut.51.6.832
Hall Gillian, Kirk Martyn D., Becker Niels, Gregory Joy E., Unicomb Leanne, Millard Geoffrey, Stafford Russell, Lalor Karin, , Estimating Foodborne Gastroenteritis, Australia, 10.3201/eid1108.041367
Vaillant V., Valk H. De, Baron E., Ancelle T., Colin P., Delmas M.-C., Dufour B., Pouillot R., Strat Y. Le, Weinbreck P., Jougla E., Desenclos J.C., Foodborne Infections in France, 10.1089/fpd.2005.2.221
Thomas M. Kate, Murray Regan, Flockhart Logan, Pintar Katarina, Pollari Frank, Fazil Aamir, Nesbitt Andrea, Marshall Barbara, Estimates of the Burden of Foodborne Illness in Canada for 30 Specified Pathogens and Unspecified Agents, Circa 2006, 10.1089/fpd.2012.1389
Lake Robin J., Cressey Peter J., Campbell Donald M., Oakley Elisabeth, Risk Ranking for Foodborne Microbial Hazards in New Zealand: Burden of Disease Estimates : Risk Ranking for Foodborne Microbial Hazards, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01269.x
Gkogka Elissavet, Risk-based Estimate of Effect of Foodborne Diseases on Public Health, Greece, 10.3201/eid1709.101766
Havelaar Arie H., Haagsma Juanita A., Mangen Marie-Josée J., Kemmeren Jeanet M., Verhoef Linda P.B., Vijgen Sylvia M.C., Wilson Margaret, Friesema Ingrid H.M., Kortbeek Laetitia M., van Duynhoven Yvonne T.H.P., van Pelt Wilfrid, Disease burden of foodborne pathogens in the Netherlands, 2009, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.029
E Scallan, Epidemiol Infect, 1 (2015)
World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory Data Repository. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.DALYNUMWORLD?lang=en. Accessed July 22, 2014.
TT Ao, Emerg Infect Dis, 21 (2015)
(2008)
Porter Chad K, Gormley Robert, Tribble David R, Cash Brooks D, Riddle Mark S, The Incidence and Gastrointestinal Infectious Risk of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in a Healthy US Adult Population, 10.1038/ajg.2010.371
HAAGSMA J. A., SIERSEMA P. D., DE WIT N. J., HAVELAAR A. H., Disease burden of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in The Netherlands, 10.1017/s0950268810000531
Liu Yan, Wu Felicia, Global Burden of Aflatoxin-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Risk Assessment, 10.1289/ehp.0901388
Zinsstag J., Schelling E., Waltner-Toews D., Tanner M., From “one medicine” to “one health” and systemic approaches to health and well-being, 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.07.003
World Health Organization. World Health Day 2015: Food safety—the global view. 2105. http://www.who.int/campaigns/world-health-day/2015/en/
Bibliographic reference
Havelaar, Arie H. ; Kirk, Martyn D. ; Torgerson, Paul R. ; Gibb, Herman J. ; Hald, Tine ; et. al. World Health Organization Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010. In: PLOS Medicine, Vol. 12, no.12, p. e1001923 (2015)
