Lits, Grégoire
[UCL]
The career of the problem of nuclear waste management (NWM) is characterized by a major shift in the way decisions are made. The formulation of a technical solution does not appear to be sufficient anymore. Regulators need to address both the technical and the “societal aspects” of NWM. Subsequently, one observes the rising of a new consensus, namely that these “societal aspects” can only be properly handled by mobilizing the expertise of the social scientists. Collaboration between nuclear and social scientists is therefore called upon as a way to improve NWM. Based on a critical review of the literature available on the role of social scientists in the governance of nuclear technology, informed by an ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Belgium between 2009 and 2012, this article analyses the different roles that social scientists can actually play and the different ways through which their expertise can be mobilized for managing the “societal aspects” of NWM. Three conclusions can be drawn. First, we point out the existence of a seminal controversy (going back to the late 40’s) opposing sociologists and nuclear engineers regarding their respective responsibilities in the handling of the “societal aspects” of nuclear technologies. Secondly, the analysis of that controversy shows that two different normative framings – two different world views – emerge from the critics developed by the social scientists. These normative framings can be used to understand the frequent discrepancy existing between the expectations of nuclear experts and social scientists regarding their respective roles in decisional processes and management operations. Finally, three ideal-typical modes of engagement for social scientists are constructed that could be used in further research for studying and understanding actual situations of collaboration in NWM.
(fre)
L’analyse de la carrière du problème des déchets radioactifs laisse apparaître une rupture importante dans le mode de traitement qui en est fait. Problème à l’origine considéré comme principalement technique, il s’est transformé, suite à un lent processus de « mise en politique », en problème sociotechnique. Gérer les aspects techniques du problème ne suffit plus. Il faut également gérer ce qui sera identifié comme ses « aspects sociaux ». Suite à ce tournant, on observe aujourd’hui l’émergence d’un consensus parmi les acteurs des décisions nucléaires. Pour gérer les « aspects sociaux », il est utile, voire nécessaire, de mobiliser l’expertise des chercheurs en sciences sociales. Ce consensus appelle donc à la collaboration entre experts en sciences sociales et experts nucléaires pour résoudre le problème des déchets radioactifs. Sur base d’une analyse de la littérature et de données ethnographiques recueillies principalement en Belgique depuis 2009, cet article propose une analyse des différents modes d’engagement des experts en sciences sociales dans la gestion des déchets radioactifs. Cette analyse permettra, dans un premier temps, de mettre en évidence l’existence d’une contradiction latente opposant, dès la fin des années 1940, sociologues et ingénieurs quant à leurs rôles respectifs dans la gestion des « aspects sociaux » du nucléaire. L’analyse des critiques portées par les chercheurs en sciences sociales permettra, ensuite, d’identifier l’existence de deux soubassements normatifs – deux visions de l’organisation souhaitable du monde social – permettant d’identifier les causes d’une possible difficulté de collaboration. Finalement, l’analyse de la littérature permet de dégager trois figures idéales typiques de l’engagement des chercheurs en sciences sociales. Ce modèle idéal-typique pourrait être utilisé dans le futur pour analyser des situations réelles d’engagement de chercheurs en sciences sociales dans la gouvernance de questions sociotechniques.
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Bibliographic reference |
Lits, Grégoire. Analyse du rôle des chercheurs en sciences sociales dans la gestion des déchets radioactifs. In: VertigO - la revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement, Vol. 13, no.2 (31 octobre 2013) |
Permanent URL |
http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/135706 |