Preparation of Pd–Ni Nanoparticles Supported on Activated Carbon for Efficient Removal of Basic Blue 3 from Water

Alam, Sultan [University of Malakand] Khan, Muhammad Sufaid [University of Malakand] Umar, Ali [University of Malakand] Khattak, Rozina [Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University] Rahman, Najeeb ur [University of Malakand] Zekker, Ivar [University of Tartu] Burlakovs, Juris [Estonian University of Life Sciences] Cornejo Rubin De Celis, Sergio [UCL] Ghangrekar, Makarand Madhao [Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur] Bhowmick, Gourav Dhar [Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur] Kallistova, Anna [Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences] Pimenov, Nikolai [Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences] Khan, Abbas [Abdul Wali Khan University] Zahoor, Muhammad [University of Malakand] et al.[show all]

Pd–Ni nanoparticles supported on activated carbon (Pd–Ni/AC) were prepared using a phase transfer method. The purpose of synthesizing ternary composites was to enhance the surface area of synthesized Pd–Ni nanoparticles, as they have a low surface area. The resulting composite was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) for investigating its surface morphology, particle size, per-centage of crystallinity and elemental composition, respectively. The XRD data and EDX analysis revealed the presence of Pd–Ni alloys impregnated on the AC. Pd–Ni/AC was used as an adsorbent for the removal of the azo dye basic blue 3 from an aqueous medium. Kinetic and isotherm models were used to calculate the adsorption parameters. The most suitable kinetic model amongst the applied models was the pseudo-second-order model, confirming the chemisorption characteristics of the process, and the most suitable isotherm model was the Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 333 mg/g at 333 K. Different experimental parameters, such as the adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature and contact time, were optimized. The optimum parameters reached were: a pH of 12, temperature of 333 K, adsorbent dosage of 0.01 g and optimum contact time of 30 min. Moreover, the thermodynamics parameters of adsorption, such as Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), en-thalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°), showed the adsorption processes being exothermic with values of ΔH° equal to −6.206 kJ/mol and being spontaneous with ΔG° values of −13.297, −13.780 and −14.264 Kj/mol, respectively at 293, 313 and 333 K. An increase in entropy change (ΔS°) with a value of 0.0242 Kj/mol.K, indicated the enhanced disorder at a solid–solution interface during the adsorption process. Recycling the adsorbent for six cycles with sodium hydroxide and ethanol showed a de-cline in the efficiency of the selected azo dye basic blue 3 up to 79%. The prepared ternary composite was found effective in the removal of the selected dye. The removal of other pollutants represents one of the possible future uses of the prepared adsorbent, but further experiments are required.