Quality of recovery after non opioid versus opioid anesthesia for spinal surgery: A prospective observational study.

Spinal surgery is associated with intense postoperative pain. More, postoperative management remains challenging because of a long lasting preoperative pain condition often associated to a chronic opioids intake, both inducing a central sensitized state. Consequently, opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) using a combination of non-opioid agents with analgesic and/or anti hyperalgesic properties like dexmedetomidine, ketamine, magnesium sulfate and lidocaine may benefit to those patients and hasten their recovery [...].