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Outer and expanding circle Englishes: The competing roles of norm orientation and proficiency levels

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Edwards, Alison [University of Cambridge] Laporte, Samantha [UCL]

The classification of English as a native (ENL), second (ESL) and foreign (EFL) language is traditionally mapped onto Kachru’s (1985) Inner, Outer and Expanding circles, respectively. This paper addresses the divide upheld between these different varietal types. We explore the preposition into using comparable corpora for all three varietal types: the International Corpus of English (ICE) for Inner and Outer Circle varieties, and a comparable Corpus of Dutch English to represent the Expanding Circle. Our results show that the least institutionalised varieties (Hong Kong and Dutch English) are the most dissimilar to the ENL varieties, and the most institutionalised variety (Singapore English) is the most similar. We also compare our results for the Corpus of Dutch English to the Dutch component of the International Corpus of Learner English. While the latter patterns with other learner varieties, the Dutch English corpus patterns with ESL varieties, suggesting that “Expanding Circle” and “EFL” are not synonymous.

Document type Article de périodique (Journal article) – Article de recherche
Access type Accès libre
Publication date 2015
Language Anglais
Journal information "English World-Wide : a journal of varieties of English" - Vol. 36, no. 2, p. 135-169 (2015)
Peer reviewed yes
Publisher JohnBenjamins Publishing Co. ((Netherlands) Amsterdam)
issn 0172-8865
e-issn 1569-9730
Publication status Publié
Affiliations UCL - SSH/ILC/PLIN - Pôle de recherche en linguistique
UCL - SSH/ILC - Institut Langage et Communication
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Bibliographic reference Edwards, Alison ; Laporte, Samantha. Outer and expanding circle Englishes: The competing roles of norm orientation and proficiency levels. In: English World-Wide : a journal of varieties of English, Vol. 36, no. 2, p. 135-169 (2015)
Permanent URL http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/156897