A functional Shaker potassium channel requires assembly of four α-subunits encoded by a single gene or various genes from the Shaker family. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AtKC1, a Shaker α-subunit that is silent when expressed alone, has been shown to regulate the activity of AKT1 by forming heteromeric AtKC1-AKT1 channels. Here, we investigated whether AtKC1 is a general regulator of channel activity. Co-expression in Xenopus oocytes of a dominant negative (pore-mutated) AtKC1 subunit with the inward Shaker channel subunits KAT1, KAT2 or AKT2, or the outward subunits SKOR or GORK, revealed that the three inward subunits functionally interact with AtKC1 while the outward ones cannot. Localization experiments in plant protoplasts showed that KAT2 was able to re-locate AtKC1 fused to GFP from endomembranes to the plasma membrane, indicating that heteromeric AtKC1-KAT2 channels are efficiently targeted to the plasma membrane. Functional properties of heteromeric channels involving AtKC1 and KAT1, KAT2 or AKT2 were analysed by voltage clamp after co-expression of the respective subunits in Xenopus oocytes. AtKC1 behaved as a regulatory subunit within the heterotetrameric channel, reducing the macroscopic conductance and negatively shifting the channel activation potential. Expression studies showed that AtKC1 and its identified Shaker partners have overlapping expression patterns, supporting the hypothesis of a general regulation of inward channel activity by AtKC1 in planta. Lastly, AtKC1 disruption appeared to reduce plant biomass production, showing that AtKC1-mediated channel activity regulation is required for normal plant growth.
Ache Peter, Becker Dirk, Ivashikina Natalya, Dietrich Petra, Roelfsema M.Rob G, Hedrich Rainer, GORK, a delayed outward rectifier expressed in guard cells ofArabidopsis thaliana, is a K+-selective, K+-sensing ion channel, 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)02248-1
Baizabal-Aguirre V.M., Clemens S., Uozumi N., Schroeder J.I., Suppression of Inward-Rectifying K + Channels KAT1 and AKT2 by Dominant Negative Point Mutations in the KAT1 α-Subunit, 10.1007/s002329900476
Bechtold, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 316, 1194 (1993)
Becker Detlef, Binary vectors which allow the exchange of plant selectable markers and reporter genes, 10.1093/nar/18.1.203
Boursiac Y., Early Effects of Salinity on Water Transport in Arabidopsis Roots. Molecular and Cellular Features of Aquaporin Expression, 10.1104/pp.105.065029
Cherel I., Physical and Functional Interaction of the Arabidopsis K+ Channel AKT2 and Phosphatase AtPP2CA, 10.1105/tpc.000943
Daram P., Tetramerization of the AKT1 plant potassium channel involves its C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, 10.1093/emboj/16.12.3455
Deeken Rosalia, Geiger Dietmar, Fromm Jörg, Koroleva Olga, Ache Peter, Langenfeld-Heyser Rosemarie, Sauer Norbert, May Sean, Hedrich Rainer, Loss of the AKT2/3 potassium channel affects sugar loading into the phloem of Arabidopsis, 10.1007/s00425-002-0895-1
Dennison K. L., Robertson W. R., Lewis B. D., Hirsch R. E., Sussman M. R., Spalding E. P., Functions of AKT1 and AKT2 Potassium Channels Determined by Studies of Single and Double Mutants of Arabidopsis, 10.1104/pp.010193
Dreyer I., Antunes S., Hoshi T., Müller-Röber B., Palme K., Pongs O., Reintanz B., Hedrich R., Plant K+ channel alpha-subunits assemble indiscriminately, 10.1016/s0006-3495(97)78857-x
Dreyer Ingo, Michard Erwan, Lacombe Benoı̂t, Thibaud Jean-Baptiste, A plant Shaker-like K+channel switches between two distinct gating modes resulting in either inward-rectifying or ‘leak’ current, 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02832-0
Dreyer Ingo, Porée Fabien, Schneider Antje, Mittelstädt Jessica, Bertl Adam, Sentenac Hervé, Thibaud Jean-Baptiste, Mueller-Roeber Bernd, Assembly of Plant Shaker-Like Kout Channels Requires Two Distinct Sites of the Channel α-Subunit, 10.1529/biophysj.103.037671
Gajdanowicz P., Michard E., Sandmann M., Rocha M., Correa L. G. G., Ramirez-Aguilar S. J., Gomez-Porras J. L., Gonzalez W., Thibaud J.-B., van Dongen J. T., Dreyer I., Potassium (K+) gradients serve as a mobile energy source in plant vascular tissues, 10.1073/pnas.1009777108
Gaymard Frédéric, Pilot Guillaume, Lacombe Benoît, Bouchez David, Bruneau Dominique, Boucherez Jossia, Michaux-Ferrière Nicole, Thibaud Jean-Baptiste, Sentenac Hervé, Identification and Disruption of a Plant Shaker-like Outward Channel Involved in K+ Release into the Xylem Sap, 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81606-2
Grefen Christopher, Chen Zhonghua, Honsbein Annegret, Donald Naomi, Hills Adrian, Blatt Michael R., A Novel Motif Essential for SNARE Interaction with the K+Channel KC1 and Channel Gating inArabidopsis, 10.1105/tpc.110.077768
Honsbein A., Sokolovski S., Grefen C., Campanoni P., Pratelli R., Paneque M., Chen Z., Johansson I., Blatt M. R., A Tripartite SNARE-K+ Channel Complex Mediates in Channel-Dependent K+ Nutrition in Arabidopsis, 10.1105/tpc.109.066118
Hosy E., Vavasseur A., Mouline K., Dreyer I., Gaymard F., Poree F., Boucherez J., Lebaudy A., Bouchez D., Very A.-A., Simonneau T., Thibaud J.-B., Sentenac H., The Arabidopsis outward K+ channel GORK is involved in regulation of stomatal movements and plant transpiration, 10.1073/pnas.0733970100
Jeanguenin Linda, Lebaudy Anne, Xicluna Jérôme, Alcon Carine, Hosy Eric, Duby Geoffrey, Michard Erwan, Lacombe Benoît, Dreyer Ingo, Thibaud Jean Baptiste, Heteromerization of Arabidopsis Kv channel α-subunits : Data and prospects, 10.4161/psb.3.9.6209
Jouanneau Jean-Pierre, Peaud-Lenoel Claude, Croissance et synthese des proteines de suspensions cellulaires de Tabac sensibles a la kinetine, 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1967.tb08371.x
Kwak J. M., Murata Y., Baizabal-Aguirre V. M., Merrill J., Wang M., Kemper A., Hawke S. D., Tallman G., Schroeder J. I., Dominant Negative Guard Cell K+ Channel Mutants Reduce Inward-Rectifying K+ Currents and Light-Induced Stomatal Opening in Arabidopsis, 10.1104/pp.010428
Lacombe B., A Shaker-like K+ Channel with Weak Rectification Is Expressed in Both Source and Sink Phloem Tissues of Arabidopsis, 10.1105/tpc.12.6.837
Lagarde Delphine, Basset Mireille, Lepetit Marc, Conejero Genevieve, Gaymard Frederic, Astruc Suzette, Grignon Claude, Tissue-specific expression of Arabidopsis AKT1 gene is consistent with a role in K+ nutrition, 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1996.09020195.x
Lebaudy A., Vavasseur A., Hosy E., Dreyer I., Leonhardt N., Thibaud J.-B., Very A.-A., Simonneau T., Sentenac H., Plant adaptation to fluctuating environment and biomass production are strongly dependent on guard cell potassium channels, 10.1073/pnas.0709732105
Li L., Kim B.-G., Cheong Y. H., Pandey G. K., Luan S., A Ca2+ signaling pathway regulates a K+ channel for low-K response in Arabidopsis, 10.1073/pnas.0605129103
Liman Emily R., Tytgat Jan, Hess Peter, Subunit stoichiometry of a mammalian K+ channel determined by construction of multimeric cDNAs, 10.1016/0896-6273(92)90239-a
Maathuis Frans J. M., Filatov Victor, Herzyk Pawel, C. Krijger Gerard, B. Axelsen Kristian, Chen Sixue, Green Brian J., Li Yi, Madagan Kathryn L., Sánchez-Fernández Rocío, Forde Brian G., Palmgren Michael G., Rea Philip A., Williams Lorraine E., Sanders Dale, Amtmann Anna, Transcriptome analysis of root transporters reveals participation of multiple gene families in the response to cation stress, 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01839.x
Marten I., Hoth S., Deeken R., Ache P., Ketchum K. A., Hoshi T., Hedrich R., AKT3, a phloem-localized K+ channel, is blocked by protons, 10.1073/pnas.96.13.7581
Mikosch M., Hurst A. C., Hertel B., Homann U., Diacidic Motif Is Required for Efficient Transport of the K+ Channel KAT1 to the Plasma Membrane, 10.1104/pp.106.087064
Mouline K., Pollen tube development and competitive ability are impaired by disruption of a Shaker K+ channel in Arabidopsis, 10.1101/gad.213902
Nakamura R. L., McKendree Jr W. L., Hirsch R. E., Sedbrook J. C., Gaber R. F., Sussman M. R., Expression of an Arabidopsis Potassium Channel Gene in Guard Cells, 10.1104/pp.109.2.371
Papazian D., Schwarz T., Tempel B., Jan Y., Jan L., Cloning of genomic and complementary DNA from Shaker, a putative potassium channel gene from Drosophila, 10.1126/science.2441470
Pilot Guillaume, Lacombe Benoı̂t, Gaymard Frédéric, Chérel Isabelle, Boucherez Jossia, Thibaud Jean-Baptiste, Sentenac Hervé, Guard Cell Inward K+Channel Activity inArabidopsisInvolves Expression of the Twin Channel Subunits KAT1 and KAT2, 10.1074/jbc.m007303200
Schwappach Blanche, Zerangue Noa, Jan Yuh Nung, Jan Lily Yeh, Molecular Basis for K ATP Assembly, 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81146-0
Sottocornola B., Gazzarrini S., Olivari C., Romani G., Valbuzzi P., Thiel G., Moroni A., 14-3-3 proteins regulate the potassium channel KAT1 by dual modes, 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2007.00028.x
Sutter J.-U., Selective Mobility and Sensitivity to SNAREs Is Exhibited by the Arabidopsis KAT1 K+ Channel at the Plasma Membrane, 10.1105/tpc.105.038950
Szyroki A., Ivashikina N., Dietrich P., Roelfsema M. R. G., Ache P., Reintanz B., Deeken R., Godde M., Felle H., Steinmeyer R., Palme K., Hedrich R., KAT1 is not essential for stomatal opening, 10.1073/pnas.051616698
Thomine Sébastien, Lelièvre Françoise, Debarbieux Elise, Schroeder Julian I., Barbier-Brygoo Hélène, AtNRAMP3, a multispecific vacuolar metal transporter involved in plant responses to iron deficiency, 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01760.x
Urbach Serge, Cherel Isabelle, Sentenac Herve, Gaymard Frederic, Biochemical characterization of the Arabidopsis K+ channels KAT1 and AKT1 expressed or co-expressed in insect cells, 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00828.x
V�ry A. -A., Bosseux C., Gaymard F., Sentenac H., Thibaud J. -B., Level of expression inXenopus oocytes affects some characteristics of a plant inward-rectifying voltage-gated K+ channel, 10.1007/bf00724528
Very Anne-Alienor, Gaymard Frederic, Bosseux Corinne, Sentenac Herve, Thibaud Jean-Baptiste, Expression of a cloned plant K+ channel in Xenopus oocytes: analysis of macroscopic currents, 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1995.7020321.x
Wang Yi, He Liu, Li Hao-Dong, Xu Jiang, Wu Wei-Hua, Potassium channel α-subunit AtKC1 negatively regulates AKT1-mediated K+ uptake in Arabidopsis roots under low-K+ stress, 10.1038/cr.2010.74
Xicluna Jérôme, Lacombe Benoît, Dreyer Ingo, Alcon Carine, Jeanguenin Linda, Sentenac Hervé, Thibaud Jean-Baptiste, Chérel Isabelle, Increased Functional Diversity of Plant K+Channels by Preferential Heteromerization of the Shaker-like Subunits AKT2 and KAT2, 10.1074/jbc.m607607200
Xu Jiang, Li Hao-Dong, Chen Li-Qing, Wang Yi, Liu Li-Li, He Liu, Wu Wei-Hua, A Protein Kinase, Interacting with Two Calcineurin B-like Proteins, Regulates K+ Transporter AKT1 in Arabidopsis, 10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.011
Zerangue Noa, Schwappach Blanche, Jan Yuh Nung, Jan Lily Yeh, A New ER Trafficking Signal Regulates the Subunit Stoichiometry of Plasma Membrane KATP Channels, 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80708-4
Bibliographic reference
Jeanguenin, Linda ; Alcon, Carine ; Duby, Geoffrey ; Boeglin, Martin ; Chérel, Isabelle ; et. al. AtKC1 is a general modulator of Arabidopsis inward Shaker channel activity.. In: The Plant journal, Vol. 67, no. 4, p. 570-582 (2011)