The Belgian 'example'. Weaknesses of the Federal Formula as Implemented in Belgium

The manner in which the Belgian federal structure was established and currently functions makes it a unique case in federalism studies. If we analyze it with the aim of drawing out lessons for other federations, emphasis needs to be placed on these specificities rather than on the manner in which Belgium has incorporated the standard characteristics of federalism. Ultimately, we shall see that the lessons to be drawn are deeply embedded. The Belgian particularities, arising directly from the country’s political traditions, are hardly exportable. In fact, they illustrate to other countries what ought to best be avoided.