The objective of this project was to collect and evaluate data on nutrient intake and status across Europe and to ascertain whether any trends could be identified. Surveys of dietary intake and status were collected from across Europe by literature search and personal contact with country experts. Surveys that satisfied a defined set of criteria - published, based on individual intakes, post-1987, adequate information provided to enable its quality to be assessed, small age bands, data for sexes separated above 12 years, sample size over 25 and subjects representative of the population - were selected for further analysis. In a small number of cases, where no other data for a country were available or where status data were given, exceptions were made. Seventy-nine surveys from 23 countries were included, and from them data on energy, protein, fats, carbohydrates, alcohol, vitamins, minerals and trace elements were collected and tabulated. Data on energy, protein, total fat and carbohydrate were given in a large number of surveys, but information was very limited for some micronutrients. No surveys gave information on fluid intake and insufficient gave data on food patterns to be of value to this project. A variety of collection methods were used, there was no consistency in the ages of children surveyed or the age cut-off points, but most surveys gave data for males and females separately at all ages. Just under half of the surveys were nationally representative and most of the remainder were regional. Only a small number of local surveys could be included. Apart from anthropometric measurements, status data were collected in only seven countries. Males had higher energy intakes than females, energy intake increased with age but levelled off in adolescent girls. Intakes of other nutrients generally related to energy intakes. Some north-south geographical trends were noted in fat and carbohydrate intakes, but these were not apparent for other nutrients. Some other trends between countries were noted, but there were also wide variations within countries. A number of validation studies have shown that misreporting is a major problem in dietary surveys of children and adolescents and so all the dietary data collected for this project should be interpreted and evaluated with caution. In addition, dietary studies rely on food composition tables for the conversion of food intake data to estimated nutrient intakes and each country uses a different set of food composition data which differ in definitions, analytical methods, units and modes of expression. This can make comparisons between countries difficult and inaccurate. Methods of measuring food intake are not standardised across Europe and intake data are generally poor, so there are uncertainties over the true nutrient intakes of children and adolescents across Europe. There are insufficient data on status to be able to be able to draw any conclusions about the nutritional quality of the diets of European children and adolescents.
Adamson Ashley, Rugg-Gunn Andrew, Butler Timothy, Appleton David, Hackett Allan, Nutritional intake, height and weight of 11–12-year-old Northumbrian children in 1990 compared with information obtained in 1980, 10.1079/bjn19920114
Agostoni, Riv Pediatr Prev Soc, 38, 59 (1998)
Aguilera F., Lupiañez L., Magaña D., Planells E., Mataix F. J., Llopis J., Iron status in a population of Spanish schoolchildren, 10.1002/food.19940380211
Berger J, Dyck J L, Galan P, Aplogan A, Schneider D, Traissac P, Hercberg S, Effect of daily iron supplementation on iron status, cell-mediated immunity, and incidence of infections in 6–36 month old Togolese children, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600888
Biró G, Hulshof K F A M, Ovesen L, Amorim Cruz J A, Selection of methodology to assess food intake, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601426
Brazdova, Cesk Hyg, 197 (1992)
Brazdova, Hygiena, 45, 10 (2000)
Charrondiere U.R., Vignat J., Møller A., Ireland J., Becker W., Church S., Farran A., Holden J., Klemm C., Linardou A., Mueller D., Salvini S., Serra-Majem L., Skeie G., van Staveren W., Unwin I., Westenbrink S., Slimani N., Ribol E., The European Nutrient Database (ENDB) for Nutritional Epidemiology, 10.1006/jfca.2002.1089
Couet, Cah Nutr Diet, 35, 257 (2000)
Crawley Helen F., The energy, nutrient and food intakes of teenagers aged 16–17 years in Britain, 10.1079/bjn19930101
Crawley, Eur J Clin Nutr, 49, 904 (1995)
Davies Peter S. W., Coward W. A., Gregory J., White A., Mills A., Total energy expenditure and energy intake in the pre-school child: a comparison, 10.1079/bjn19940005
De Henauw, Ann Nutr Metab, 41, 89 (1997)
De Henauw, Public Health Nutr, 4 (2001)
Deharveng G, Charrondière U R, Slimani N, Southgate D A T, Riboli E, Comparison of nutrients in the food composition tables available in the nine European countries participating in EPIC, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600677
Deheeger, Cah Nutr Diet, 29, 16 (1994)
Deheeger Michèle, Akrout Mouna, Bellisle France, Rossignol Claude, Rolland-Cachera Marie-Françoise, Individual patterns of food intake development in children: A 10 months to 8 years of age follow-up study of nutrition and growth, 10.1016/0031-9384(95)02011-x
Frost, Eur J Clin Nutr, 49, 555 (1995)
Frost, Scand J Nutr, 41, 150 (1997)
Gonzalez, Atención Primaria, 14, 1141 (1994)
Grünberg, Scand J Nutr, 41, 18 (1997)
Guillaume M, Lapidus L, Lambert A, Obesity and nutrition in children. The Belgian Luxembourg Child Study IV, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600532
Hamu?ka, Rocznik Naukowy/Instytut Wychowania Fizycznego i Sportu w Bialej Podlaskiej, 301 (1999)
Hamu?ka, ?ywienie czlowieka i metabolism, 176 (2000)
Hamu?ka, Pol J Food Nutr Sci, 549 (1998)
Hamu?ka, Rocznik PZH, 279 (2000)
Hassapidou Maria, Fotiadou Elena, Dietary intakes and food habits of adolescents in Northern Greece, 10.1080/713671767
Hassapidou M., Kafatos A., Manoukas G., Dietary Vitamin E Intake and Plasma Tocopherol Levels of a Group of Adolescents from Spili, Crete, 10.3109/09637489609006948
Ireland J, van Erp-Baart A M J, Charrondière U R, Møller A, Smithers G, Trichopoulou A, Selection of a food classification system and a food composition database for future food consumption surveys, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601427
Johansson, Scand J Nutr, 41, 63 (1997)
KAFATOS ANTHONY, VERHAGEN HANS, MOSCHANDREAS JOANNA, APOSTOLAKI IOANNA, WESTEROP JOHANNES J.M.VAN, Mediterranean Diet of Crete, 10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00416-8
Kersting M., Sicher-Hellert W., Lausen B., Alexy U., Manz F., Schöck G., Energiezufuhr von 1 bis 18jährigen deutschen Kindern und Jugendlichen, 10.1007/pl00007372
Kersting M., Sichert-Hellert W., Alexy U., Manz F., Schöch G., Macronutrient intake of 1 to 18 year old German children and adolescents (Die Zufuhr von Makronährstoffen bei 1 bis 18 Jahre alten deutschen Kindern und Jugendlichen), 10.1007/s003940050024
Kersting Mathilde, Alexy Ute, Sichert-Hellert Wolfgang, Vitamin Intake of 1- to 18-Year-Old German Children and Adolescents in the Light of Various Recommendations, 10.1024/0300-9831.70.2.48
Leclercq, Eur J Clin Nutr, 45, 151 (1991)
Lehtonen-Veromaa M, Möttönen T, Irjala K, Kärkkäinen M, Lamberg-Allardt C, Hakola P, Viikari J, Vitamin D intake is low and hypovitaminosis D common in healthy 9− to 15-year-old Finnish girls, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600844
Livingstone M. B. E., Robson P. J., Wallace J. M. W., Issues in dietary intake assessment of children and adolescents, 10.1079/bjn20041169
Livingstone, J Nutr, 133 (2003)
Livingstone M. B. E., Robson P. J., Measurement of dietary intake in children, 10.1017/s0029665100000318
Löwik, Eur J Clin Nutr, 56, S1 (2002)
Lyhne, Scand J Nutr, 42, 13 (1998)
McNeill G., Davidson L., Morrison D. C., Crombie I. K., Keighran J., Todman J., Nutrient intake in schoolchildren: some practical considerations, 10.1079/pns19910007
McNulty, Arch Dis Child, 75, 474 (1996)
Moschandreas Joanna, Kafatos Anthony, Calcium Intake in Relation to Diet and Health Indicators in Cretan Primary and High School Pupils, Greece, 10.1024/0300-9831.72.4.264
Nelson Michael, Naismith Donald J., Burley Victoria, Gatenby Sue, Geddes Nicola, Nutrient intakes, vitamin–mineral supplementation, and intelligence in British schoolchildren, 10.1079/bjn19900005
Ovesen L, Boeing H, The use of biomarkers in multicentric studies with particular consideration of iodine, sodium, iron, folate and vitamin D, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601424
Paulus D, Saint-Remy A, Jeanjean M, Dietary habits during adolescence—results of the Belgian Adolux Study, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601132
Pavlovic, Jugoslav Med Biohem, 20, 107 (2001)
Payne J. A., Belton N. R., Nutrient intake and growth in preschool children. I, Comparison of energy intake and sources of energy with growth, 10.1111/j.1365-277x.1992.tb00167.x
Payne J. A., Belton N. R., Nutrient intake and growth in preschool children. II. Intake of minerals and vitamins, 10.1111/j.1365-277x.1992.tb00168.x
Prentice Ann, Branca Francesco, Decsi Tamás, Michaelsen Kim Fleischer, Fletcher Reg J., Guesry Pierre, Manz Friedrich, Vidailhet Michel, Pannemans Daphne, Samartín Sonia, Energy and nutrient dietary reference values for children in Europe: methodological approaches and current nutritional recommendations, 10.1079/bjn20041159
Preziosi, Ann Nutr Metab, 38, 192 (1994)
Rankinen, Int J Sports Med, 5, 136 (1995)
Räsänen Leena, Laitinen Saija, Stirkkinen Riitta, Kimppa Sinikka, Viikari Jorma, Uhari Matti, Pesonen Erkki, Salo Matti, Akerblom Hans K., Composition of the Diet of Young Finns in 1986, 10.3109/07853899109147934
Rätsch I. M., Catassi C., Verrina E., Gusmano R., Appiani A., Bettinelli A., Picca S., Rizzoni G., Fabian-Bach C., Wingen A. M., Mehls O., Giorgi P. L., Energy and nutrient intake of patients with mild-to-moderate chronic renal failure compared with healthy children: An Italian multicentre study, 10.1007/bf01957578
Rigaud, Cah Nutr Diet, 32, 379 (1997)
Rogalska-Nied?wied?, ?ywienie czlowieka i metabolism, 244 (1992)
Roma-Giannikou E, Adamidis D, Gianniou M, Nikolara R, Matsaniotis N, Nutritional survey in Greek children: nutrient intake, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600388
Ruxton* C. H. S., Kirk T. R., Belton N. R., Energy and nutrient intakes in a sample of 136 Edinburgh 7–8 year olds: A comparison with United Kingdom dietary reference values, 10.1079/bjn19960121
Samuelson G, Bratteby L-E, Enghardt H, Hedgren M, Food habits and energy and nutrient intake in Swedish adolescents approaching the year 2000, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14268.x
Samuelson G, Bratteby L-E, Berggren K, Elverby J-E, Kempe B, Dietary iron intake and iron status in adolescents, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14212.x
Samuelson Gösta, Bratteby Lars-Erik, Mohsen Rawya, Vessby Bengt, Dietary fat intake in healthy adolescents: inverse relationships between the estimated intake of saturated fatty acids and serum cholesterol, 10.1079/bjn2000279
Smigiel, Rocznik PZH, 55 (1994)
Stopnicka, Food Nutr Health, 392 (1998)
Strain J. J., Robson P. J., Livingstone M. B. E., Primrose E. D., Savage J. M., Cran G. W., Boreham C. A. G., Estimates of food and macronutrient intake in a random sample of Northern Ireland adolescents, 10.1079/bjn19940038
Szponar, Pol J Hum Nutr Metab, 3 (1996)
Szponar, Pol J Hum Nutr Metab, 38 (1996)
Vázquez, Rev Clin Esp, 196, 501 (1996)
Werker, Dev Period Med, 41 (2000)
Ylonen K., Virtanen S.M., Ala-Venna E., Rasanen L., Composition of diet in relation to fat intake of children aged 1-7 years, 10.1046/j.1365-277x.1996.00454.x
Bibliographic reference
Lambert, J. ; Agostoni, C ; Elmadfa, I ; Hulshof, K ; Krause, E ; et. al. Dietary intake and nutritional status of children and adolescents in Europe.Workshop on Nutrition in Children and Adolescents in Europe (Rome(Italy), May 14-16, 2003). In: The British Journal of Nutrition : an international journal of nutritional science, Vol. 92, p. S147-S211 (2004)