New governmentality in Higher Education. Impact of the Bologna and Lisbon processes

(eng) The Bologna process has installed European countries in a cooperation/competition mechanism: the states cooperate when they feel weakened on the international stage and go into competition when they individually feel rather strong. It has increased competition between the states and the universities of Europe by aiming at the creation of a European Higher Education Area, beyond the cultural differences. The Bologna process tends more and more to make responsible the countries and the higher education establishment, which are charged to adopt national or institutional strategies to attract the best brains, to make the beneficiaries contribute to the financing of their studies, and to answer to the recommendations of the European Commission and the OECD, which would like universities to be financed in function of their results. With the Bologna process and the Lisbon strategy, a redefinition of the function and the governance of European universities is in progress, even if each country