AIMS: This study investigates the link between personal income and smoking among adolescents, and aims to answer the following questions: (i) to what extent is personal income related to smoking, independent of family socio-economic status (SES) and (ii) does the association between personal income and smoking apply to different subpopulations? DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Six cities from European countries (Amersfoort, the Netherlands; Coimbra, Portugal; Hannover, Germany; Latina, Italy; Namur, Belgium; Tampere, Finland) in 2013. PARTICIPANTS: A school-based sample of 10 794 adolescents aged 14-17 years. MEASUREMENTS: We modelled smoking experimentation, weekly smoking, daily smoking and (among daily smokers) smoking intensity as function of personal income, adjusting for age, sex, family SES, parental smoking and country. We tested interactions between personal income and covariates. Stratification analyses were performed for the variables for which interactions were significant. FINDINGS: Adolescents in the highest income quintile were more likely to be smoking experimenters [odds ratio (OR) = 1.87; P < 0.01], weekly smokers (OR = 3.51; P < 0.01) and daily smokers (OR = 4.55; P < 0.01) than those in the lowest quintile. They also consumed more cigarettes per month (β = 0.79; P < 0.01). Adjusting for family SES did not modify the significance of relationships, and increased the magnitude of the association for daily smoking. None of the interactions between covariates and personal income was significant for smoking measures. For the intensity of smoking, the interaction was significant for SES. The stratified analysis showed a non-significant association between smoking intensity and personal income among the oldest adolescents and those with the lowest SES background, while significant among younger and higher SES backgrounds. CONCLUSION: In the Netherlands, Portugal, Germany, Italy, Belgium and Finland, adolescents' personal income is related positively to smoking behaviours independent of family socio-economic status (SES). However, among low socio-economic status adolescent daily smokers, the association between the intensity of smoking and personal income is weaker.
Kumar Varun, Talwar Richa, Roy Neelam, Raut Deepak, Singh Saudan, Psychosocial Determinants of Tobacco Use among School Going Adolescents in Delhi, India, 10.1155/2014/170941
Savvides Elena Charis G., Christophi Costas A., Paisi Martha, Pampaka Despina, Kinnunen Taru, Connolly Gregory N., Factors associated with intent to quit tobacco use in Cyprus adolescents, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.12.016
Ma J., Zhu J., Li N., He Y., Cai Y., Qiao Y., Redmon P., Wang Z., Cigarette smoking in Chinese adolescents: importance of controlling the amount of pocket money, 10.1016/j.puhe.2013.04.016
Mohan Sailesh, Sankara Sarma P., Thankappan K.R., Access to pocket money and low educational performance predict tobacco use among adolescent boys in Kerala, India, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.01.013
Hughes S. K., Hughes K., Atkinson A. M., Bellis M. A., Smallthwaite L., Smoking behaviours, access to cigarettes and relationships with alcohol in 15- and 16-year-old schoolchildren, 10.1093/eurpub/ckp234
Darling Helen, Reeder Anthony I., McGee Rob, Williams Sheila, Brief report: Disposable income, and spending on fast food, alcohol, cigarettes, and gambling by New Zealand secondary school students, 10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.06.003
Rudatsikira Emmanuel, Muula Adamson S, Siziya Seter, Current cigarette smoking among in-school American youth: results from the 2004 National Youth Tobacco Survey, 10.1186/1475-9276-8-10
West P., Sweeting H., Young R., Smoking in Scottish youths: personal income, parental social class and the cost of smoking, 10.1136/tc.2006.018721
West Patrick, Sweeting Helen, Young Robert, Robins Mary, A Material Paradox: Socioeconomic Status, Young People's Disposable Income and Consumer Culture, 10.1080/13676260600805739
Nonnemaker James M., Farrelly Matthew C., Smoking initiation among youth: The role of cigarette excise taxes and prices by race/ethnicity and gender, 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.03.002
Gruber Jonathan, Zinman Jonathan, Youth Smoking in the United States : Evidence and Implications, Risky Behavior among Youths ISBN:9780226310138 p.69-120, 10.7208/chicago/9780226309972.003.0003
Pförtner Timo-Kolja, Hublet Anne, Schnohr Christina Warrer, Rathmann Katharina, Moor Irene, de Looze Margaretha, Baška Tibor, Molcho Michal, Kannas Lasse, Kunst Anton E., Richter Matthias, Socioeconomic inequalities in the impact of tobacco control policies on adolescent smoking. A multilevel study in 29 European countries, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.09.016
Lorant Vincent, Soto Victoria Eugenia, Alves Joana, Federico Bruno, Kinnunen Jaana, Kuipers Mirte, Moor Irene, Perelman Julian, Richter Matthias, Rimpelä Arja, Robert Pierre-Olivier, Roscillo Gaetano, Kunst Anton, Smoking in school-aged adolescents: design of a social network survey in six European countries, 10.1186/s13104-015-1041-z
Mayhew Kathryn P, Flay Brian R, Mott Joshua A, Stages in the development of adolescent smoking, 10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00165-9
Parker R. N., Fenwick R., The Pareto Curve and Its Utility for Open-Ended Income Distributions in Survey Research, 10.1093/sf/61.3.872
Alves Joana, Perelman Julian, Soto-Rojas Victoria, Richter Matthias, Rimpelä Arja, Loureiro Isabel, Federico Bruno, Kuipers Mirte A.G., Kunst Anton E., Lorant Vincent, The role of parental smoking on adolescent smoking and its social patterning: a cross-sectional survey in six European cities, 10.1093/pubmed/fdw040
Melchior Maria, Chastang Jean-François, Mackinnon Dorene, Galéra Cédric, Fombonne Eric, The intergenerational transmission of tobacco smoking—The role of parents’ long-term smoking trajectories, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.10.016
Currie Candace, Molcho Michal, Boyce William, Holstein Bjørn, Torsheim Torbjørn, Richter Matthias, Researching health inequalities in adolescents: The development of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Family Affluence Scale, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.024
Goodman E., Adler N. E., Kawachi I., Frazier A. L., Huang B., Colditz G. A., Adolescents' Perceptions of Social Status: Development and Evaluation of a New Indicator, 10.1542/peds.108.2.e31
Pförtner Timo-Kolja, Moor Irene, Rathmann Katharina, Hublet Anne, Molcho Michal, Kunst Anton E., Richter Matthias, The association between family affluence and smoking among 15-year-old adolescents in 33 European countries, Israel and Canada: the role of national wealth : National wealth and inequalities in adolescent smoking, 10.1111/add.12741
Karvonen Sakari, Rahkonen Ossi, Subjective social status and health in young people : Subjective social status and health in young people, 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2010.01285.x
Finkelstein Daniel M., Kubzansky Laura D., Goodman Elizabeth, Social Status, Stress, and Adolescent Smoking, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.04.011
Hanson Margaret D., Chen Edith, Socioeconomic Status and Health Behaviors in Adolescence: A Review of the Literature, 10.1007/s10865-007-9098-3
Johnston Lloyd D., O'Malley Patrick M., Terry-McElrath Yvonne M., Methods, locations, and ease of cigarette access for American youth, 1997–2002, 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.07.008
Bradford, Proc R Soc Med, 295, 7 (1965)
Lorant, Int J Public Health, 1 (2016)
Jung Se-Hwan, Tsakos Georgios, Sheiham Aubrey, Ryu Jae-In, Watt Richard G., Socio-economic status and oral health-related behaviours in Korean adolescents, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.022
Paavola M., Smoking from adolescence to adulthood: The effects of parental and own socioeconomic status, 10.1093/eurpub/14.4.417
Sweeting Helen, Hunt Kate, Adolescent socio-economic and school-based social status, health and well-being, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.037
Blakely Tony, van der Deen Frederieke S, Woodward Alistair, Kawachi Ichiro, Carter Kristie, Do changes in income, deprivation, labour force status and family status influence smoking behaviour over the short run? Panel study of 15 000 adults, 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050944
Bryant Alison L., Schulenberg John, Bachman Jerald G., O'Malley Patrick M., Johnston Lloyd D., 10.1023/a:1010038130788
HUISMAN M, KUNST A, MACKENBACH J, Inequalities in the prevalence of smoking in the European Union: comparing education and income, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.09.022
Chen Zeng-yin, Kaplan Howard B., School Failure in Early Adolescence and Status Attainment in Middle Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study, 10.2307/3090272
Pampel Fred C., Krueger Patrick M., Denney Justin T., Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Behaviors, 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102529
Glymour, 92 Social Epidemiology, 17 (2014)
Kenkel, J Hum Resour, 49, 1094 (2014)
Donaghy E., Bauld L., Eadie D., McKell J., Pringle B., Amos A., A Qualitative Study of How Young Scottish Smokers Living in Disadvantaged Communities Get Their Cigarettes, 10.1093/ntr/ntt095
Gallet Craig A., List John A., Cigarette demand: a meta-analysis of elasticities, 10.1002/hec.765
Wilson Lisa M., Avila Tang Erika, Chander Geetanjali, Hutton Heidi E., Odelola Olaide A., Elf Jessica L., Heckman-Stoddard Brandy M., Bass Eric B., Little Emily A., Haberl Elisabeth B., Apelberg Benjamin J., Impact of Tobacco Control Interventions on Smoking Initiation, Cessation, and Prevalence: A Systematic Review, 10.1155/2012/961724
Joossens, The Tobacco Control Scale in Europe 2013 (2014)
Bibliographic reference
Perelman, Julian ; Alves, Joana ; Pfoertner, Timo-Kolja ; Moor, Irene ; Federico, Bruno ; et. al. The association between personal income and smoking among adolescents: a study in six European cities.. In: Addiction, (2017)
