Fe-filled carbon nanotubes (Fe@CNTs) recently emerged as an effective class of hybrid nanoparticles for biotechnological applications, such as magnetic cell sorting and magnetic fluid hyperthermia. Aiming at studying the effects of both the Fe loading and the magnetocrystalline characteristics in these applications, we describe herein the preparation of Fe@CNTs containing different Fe phases that, upon functionalization with the antibody Cetuximab (Ctxb), allow the targeting of cancer cells. Our experimental findings reveal that an optimal Ctxb/Fe weight ratio of 1.2 is needed for efficient magnetic cell shepherding, whereas enhanced MFH-induced mortality (70 vs. 15%) can be reached with hybrids enriched in the coercive Fe3C phase. These results suggest that a synergistic effect between the Ab loading and the Fe distribution in each nanotube exists, for which the maximum shepherding and hyperthermia effects are observed when higher densities of Fe@CNTs featuring the more coercive phase are interfaced with the cells.
Ferrari Mauro, Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges, 10.1038/nrc1566
Iyer Arun K., Khaled Greish, Fang Jun, Maeda Hiroshi, Exploiting the enhanced permeability and retention effect for tumor targeting, 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.07.005
Matsumura, Cancer Res., 46, 6387 (1986)
Ganta Srinivas, Devalapally Harikrishna, Shahiwala Aliasgar, Amiji Mansoor, A review of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.12.017
Elhissi Abdelbary M. A., Ahmed Waqar, Hassan Israr Ul, Dhanak Vinod. R., D'Emanuele Antony, Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy and Drug Delivery, 10.1155/2012/837327
Fabbro Chiara, Ali-Boucetta Hanene, Ros Tatiana Da, Kostarelos Kostas, Bianco Alberto, Prato Maurizio, Targeting carbon nanotubes against cancer, 10.1039/c2cc17995d
Madani, Int. J. Nanomed., 6, 2963 (2011)
Vashist Sandeep Kumar, Zheng Dan, Pastorin Giorgia, Al-Rubeaan Khalid, Luong John H.T., Sheu Fwu-Shan, Delivery of drugs and biomolecules using carbon nanotubes, 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.05.049
Bianco Alberto, Kostarelos Kostas, Prato Maurizio, Applications of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery, 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.10.005
Prato Maurizio, Kostarelos Kostas, Bianco Alberto, Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Design and Discovery, 10.1021/ar700089b
Lamanna Giuseppe, Garofalo Antonio, Popa Gabriela, Wilhelm Claire, Bégin-Colin Sylvie, Felder-Flesch Delphine, Bianco Alberto, Gazeau Florence, Ménard-Moyon Cécilia, Endowing carbon nanotubes with superparamagnetic properties: applications for cell labeling, MRI cell tracking and magnetic manipulations, 10.1039/c3nr00636k
Kostarelos Kostas, Lacerda Lara, Pastorin Giorgia, Wu Wei, Wieckowski Sébastien, Luangsivilay Jacqueline, Godefroy Sylvie, Pantarotto Davide, Briand Jean-Paul, Muller Sylviane, Prato Maurizio, Bianco Alberto, Cellular uptake of functionalized carbon nanotubes is independent of functional group and cell type, 10.1038/nnano.2006.209
Kam Nadine Wong Shi, Liu Zhuang, Dai Hongjie, Carbon Nanotubes as Intracellular Transporters for Proteins and DNA: An Investigation of the Uptake Mechanism and Pathway, 10.1002/anie.200503389
Kostarelos K., Bianco A., Prato M., Promises, facts and challenges for carbon nanotubes in imaging and therapeutics, 10.1038/nnano.2009.241
Liu Zhuang, Tabakman Scott, Welsher Kevin, Dai Hongjie, Carbon nanotubes in biology and medicine: In vitro and in vivo detection, imaging and drug delivery, 10.1007/s12274-009-9009-8
Hong Sung You, Tobias Gerard, Al-Jamal Khuloud T., Ballesteros Belén, Ali-Boucetta Hanene, Lozano-Perez Sergio, Nellist Peter D., Sim Robert B., Finucane Ciara, Mather Stephen J., Green Malcolm L. H., Kostarelos Kostas, Davis Benjamin G., Filled and glycosylated carbon nanotubes for in vivo radioemitter localization and imaging, 10.1038/nmat2766
Caravan Peter, Ellison Jeffrey J., McMurry Thomas J., Lauffer Randall B., Gadolinium(III) Chelates as MRI Contrast Agents: Structure, Dynamics, and Applications, 10.1021/cr980440x
Bolskar Robert D., Benedetto Angelo F., Husebo Lars O., Price Roger E., Jackson Edward F., Wallace Sidney, Wilson Lon J., Alford J. Michael, First Soluble M@C60Derivatives Provide Enhanced Access to Metallofullerenes and Permit in Vivo Evaluation of Gd@C60[C(COOH)2]10as a MRI Contrast Agent, 10.1021/ja0340984
Sitharaman Balaji, Kissell Kyle R., Hartman Keith B., Tran Lesa A., Baikalov Andrei, Rusakova Irene, Sun Yanyi, Khant Htet A., Ludtke Steven J., Chiu Wah, Laus Sabrina, Tóth Éva, Helm Lothar, Merbach André E., Wilson Lon J., Superparamagnetic gadonanotubes are high-performance MRI contrast agents, 10.1039/b504435a
Gu Z., Peng H., Hauge R. H., Smalley R. E., Margrave J. L., Cutting Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes through Fluorination, 10.1021/nl025675+
Qiao Ruirui, Yang Chunhui, Gao Mingyuan, Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: from preparations to in vivo MRI applications, 10.1039/b902394a
Laurent Sophie, Dutz Silvio, Häfeli Urs O., Mahmoudi Morteza, Magnetic fluid hyperthermia: Focus on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, 10.1016/j.cis.2011.04.003
Scherer F, Anton M, Schillinger U, Henke J, Bergemann C, Krüger A, Gänsbacher B, Plank C, Magnetofection: enhancing and targeting gene delivery by magnetic force in vitro and in vivo, 10.1038/sj.gt.3301624
Liu Xiaojie, Marangon Iris, Melinte Georgian, Wilhelm Claire, Ménard-Moyon Cécilia, Pichon Benoit P., Ersen Ovidiu, Aubertin Kelly, Baaziz Walid, Pham-Huu Cuong, Bégin-Colin Sylvie, Bianco Alberto, Gazeau Florence, Bégin Dominique, Design of Covalently Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes Filled with Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Imaging, Therapy, and Magnetic Manipulation, 10.1021/nn5040923
Kappen P., Rider A., Pigram P. J., Brack N., Long-Term Stability of Metallic Iron inside Carbon Nanotubes, 10.1021/jp207939s
Tessonnier J.P., Winé G., Estournès C., Leuvrey C., Ledoux M.J., Pham-Huu C., Carbon nanotubes as a 1D template for the synthesis of air sensitive materials: About the confinement effect, 10.1016/j.cattod.2005.02.032
Chen Wei, Pan Xiulian, Bao Xinhe, Tuning of Redox Properties of Iron and Iron Oxides via Encapsulation within Carbon Nanotubes, 10.1021/ja0713072
Lu H M, Zheng W T, Jiang Q, Saturation magnetization of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic nanocrystals at room temperature, 10.1088/0022-3727/40/2/006
Cai Dong, Mataraza Jennifer M, Qin Zheng-Hong, Huang Zhongping, Huang Jianyu, Chiles Thomas C, Carnahan David, Kempa Kris, Ren Zhifeng, Highly efficient molecular delivery into mammalian cells using carbon nanotube spearing, 10.1038/nmeth761
Raffa V., Vittorio O., Ciofani G., Pensabene V., Cuschieri A., Cell Creeping and Controlled Migration by Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes, 10.1007/s11671-009-9463-y
Pensabene V., Vittorio O., Raffa V., Ziaei A., Menciassi A., Dario P., Neuroblastoma Cells Displacement by Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes, 10.1109/tnb.2008.2000749
Vittorio Orazio, Quaranta Paola, Raffa Vittoria, Funel Niccola, Campani Daniela, Pelliccioni Serena, Longoni Biancamaria, Mosca Franco, Pietrabissa Andrea, Cuschieri Alfred, Magnetic carbon nanotubes: a new tool for shepherding mesenchymal stem cells by magnetic fields, 10.2217/nnm.10.125
Ding Xuanfeng, Singh Ravi, Burke Andrew, Hatcher Heather, Olson John, Kraft Robert A, Schmid Michael, Carroll David, Bourland J Daniel, Akman Steven, Torti Frank M, Torti Suzy V, Development of iron-containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes for MR-guided laser-induced thermotherapy, 10.2217/nnm.11.37
Marega Riccardo, De Leo Federica, Pineux Florent, Sgrignani Jacopo, Magistrato Alessandra, Naik Anil Damodar, Garcia Yann, Flamant Lionel, Michiels Carine, Bonifazi Davide, Functionalized Fe-Filled Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes as Multifunctional Scaffolds for Magnetization of Cancer Cells, 10.1002/adfm.201202898
Kumar Mukul, Ando Yoshinori, Chemical Vapor Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes: A Review on Growth Mechanism and Mass Production, 10.1166/jnn.2010.2939
Graham Joanne, Muhsin Mohamed, Kirkpatrick Peter, Fresh from the pipeline: Oxaliplatin, 10.1038/nrd1287
Krupskaya Y., Mahn C., Parameswaran A., Taylor A., Krämer K., Hampel S., Leonhardt A., Ritschel M., Büchner B., Klingeler R., Magnetic study of iron-containing carbon nanotubes: Feasibility for magnetic hyperthermia, 10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.08.005
Ellis A.V., Ingham B., Magnetic properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a function of acid treatment, 10.1016/j.jmmm.2005.09.037
Chiang I. W., Brinson B. E., Smalley R. E., Margrave J. L., Hauge R. H., Purification and Characterization of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes, 10.1021/jp003453z
Groudeva-Zotova S., Kozhuharova R., Elefant D., Mühl T., Schneider C.M., Mönch I., Phase composition and magnetic characteristics of Fe-filled multi-walled carbon nanotubes, 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.02.103
Gui Xuchun, Wei Jinquan, Wang Kunlin, Wang Wenxiang, Lv Ruitao, Chang Jianguo, Kang Feiyu, Gu Jialin, Wu Dehai, Improved filling rate and enhanced magnetic properties of Fe-filled carbon nanotubes by annealing and magnetic separation, 10.1016/j.materresbull.2008.01.028
Osorio A.G., Pereira L.G., da Cunha J.B.M., Bergmann C.P., Controlling the magnetic response of carbon nanotubes filled with iron-containing material, 10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.06.045
Rao C. N. R., Sen Rahul, Large aligned-nanotube bundles from ferrocene pyrolysis, 10.1039/a802258e
Sinnott S.B., Andrews R., Qian D., Rao A.M., Mao Z., Dickey E.C., Derbyshire F., Model of carbon nanotube growth through chemical vapor deposition, 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)01216-6
Kuwana Kazunori, Saito Kozo, Modeling CVD synthesis of carbon nanotubes: Nanoparticle formation from ferrocene, 10.1016/j.carbon.2005.03.016
Liu Qingfeng, Chen Zhi-Gang, Liu Bilu, Ren Wencai, Li Feng, Cong Hongtao, Cheng Hui-Ming, Synthesis of different magnetic carbon nanostructures by the pyrolysis of ferrocene at different sublimation temperatures, 10.1016/j.carbon.2008.07.038
Müller Christian, Leonhardt Albrecht, Kutz Márcia Cristina, Büchner Bernd, Reuther Helfried, Growth Aspects of Iron-Filled Carbon Nanotubes Obtained by Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ferrocene, 10.1021/jp8101207
Antunes E.F., de Resende V.G., Mengui U.A., Cunha J.B.M., Corat E.J., Massi M., Analyses of residual iron in carbon nanotubes produced by camphor/ferrocene pyrolysis and purified by high temperature annealing, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.04.090
Cheng J., Zou X.P., Zhu G., Wang M.F., Su Y., Yang G.Q., Lü X.M., Synthesis of iron-filled carbon nanotubes with a great excess of ferrocene and their magnetic properties, 10.1016/j.ssc.2009.06.037
Osorio A.G., Bergmann C.P., Effect of surface area of substrates aiming the optimization of carbon nanotube production from ferrocene, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.10.134
Moisala Anna, Nasibulin Albert G., Brown David P., Jiang Hua, Khriachtchev Leonid, Kauppinen Esko I., Single-walled carbon nanotube synthesis using ferrocene and iron pentacarbonyl in a laminar flow reactor, 10.1016/j.ces.2006.02.020
Schnitzler Mariane C., Oliveira Marcela M., Ugarte Daniel, Zarbin Aldo J.G., One-step route to iron oxide-filled carbon nanotubes and bucky-onions based on the pyrolysis of organometallic precursors, 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.10.037
Muñoz-Sandoval E., López-Urı́as F., Dı́az-Ortiz A., Terrones M., Reyes-Reyes M., Morán-López J.L., Magnetic and transport properties of Fe nanowires encapsulated in carbon nanotubes, 10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.12.1379
Costa S., Borowiak-Palen E., Bachmatiuk A., Rümmeli M.H., Gemming T., Kalenczuk R.J., Iron filled carbon nanostructures from different precursors, 10.1016/j.enconman.2008.01.040
Kozhuharova, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 14, 789 (2003)
Hampel S., Leonhardt A., Selbmann D., Biedermann K., Elefant D., Müller Ch., Gemming T., Büchner B., Growth and characterization of filled carbon nanotubes with ferromagnetic properties, 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.02.015
Shamsudin M. S., Asli N. A., Abdullah S., Yahya S. Y. S., Rusop M., Effect of Synthesis Temperature on the Growth Iron-Filled Carbon Nanotubes as Evidenced by Structural, Micro-Raman, and Thermogravimetric Analyses, 10.1155/2012/420619
Sato Hideki, Nagata Atsushi, Kubonaka Nobuo, Fujiwara Yuji, Control of Magnetic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Filled with Iron, 10.7567/jjap.52.11nl03
He Delong, Li Hao, Li Weilong, Haghi-Ashtiani Paul, Lejay Pascal, Bai Jinbo, Growth of carbon nanotubes in six orthogonal directions on spherical alumina microparticles, 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.01.060
Leonhardt A., Hampel S., Müller C., Mönch I., Koseva R., Ritschel M., Elefant D., Biedermann K., Büchner B., Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Ferromagnetic-Filled Carbon Nanotubes, 10.1002/cvde.200506441
Wang Wenxiang, Wang Kunlin, Lv Ruitao, Wei Jinquan, Zhang Xianfeng, Kang Feiyu, Chang Jianguo, Shu Qinke, Wang Yuquan, Wu Dehai, Synthesis of Fe-filled thin-walled carbon nanotubes with high filling ratio by using dichlorobenzene as precursor, 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.12.029
Gui Xuchun, Wang Kunlin, Wang Wenxiang, Wei Jinquan, Zhang Xianfeng, Lv Ruitao, Jia Yi, Shu Qinke, Kang Feiyu, Wu Dehai, The decisive roles of chlorine-contained precursor and hydrogen for the filling Fe nanowires into carbon nanotubes, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.08.032
Gupta Vinay, Kotnala Ravinder Kumar, Multifunctional Ferromagnetic Carbon-Nanotube Arrays Prepared by Pulse-Injection Chemical Vapor Deposition, 10.1002/anie.201106566
Shi C. X., Cong H. T., Tuning the coercivity of Fe-filled carbon-nanotube arrays by changing the shape anisotropy of the encapsulated Fe nanoparticles, 10.1063/1.2966688
Müller C., Leonhardt A., Hampel S., Büchner B., Diameter controlled growth of iron-filled carbon nanotubes, 10.1002/pssb.200669108
Leonhardt A., Ritschel M., Kozhuharova R., Graff A., Mühl T., Huhle R., Mönch I., Elefant D., Schneider C.M., Synthesis and properties of filled carbon nanotubes, 10.1016/s0925-9635(02)00325-4
Mayne M., Grobert N., Terrones M., Kamalakaran R., Rühle M., Kroto H.W., Walton D.R.M., Pyrolytic production of aligned carbon nanotubes from homogeneously dispersed benzene-based aerosols, 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00278-0
Wang Chen, Lv Ruitao, Kang Feiyu, Gu Jialin, Gui Xuchun, Wu Dehai, Synthesis and application of iron-filled carbon nanotubes coated with FeCo alloy nanoparticles, 10.1016/j.jmmm.2008.12.013
Dillon F.C., Bajpai A., Koós A., Downes S., Aslam Z., Grobert N., Tuning the magnetic properties of iron-filled carbon nanotubes, 10.1016/j.carbon.2012.03.040
Wirth Christoph T., Bayer Bernhard C., Gamalski Andrew D., Esconjauregui Santiago, Weatherup Robert S., Ducati Caterina, Baehtz Carsten, Robertson John, Hofmann Stephan, The Phase of Iron Catalyst Nanoparticles during Carbon Nanotube Growth, 10.1021/cm301402g
Boi Filippo S., Mountjoy Gavin, Wilson Rory M., Luklinska Zofia, Sawiak Laura J., Baxendale Mark, Multiwall carbon nanotubes continuously filled with micrometre-length ferromagnetic α-Fe nanowires, 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.07.085
Leonhardt A., Ritschel M., Elefant D., Mattern N., Biedermann K., Hampel S., Müller Ch., Gemming T., Büchner B., Enhanced magnetism in Fe-filled carbon nanotubes produced by pyrolysis of ferrocene, 10.1063/1.2058181
Kim Hansoo, Sigmund Wolfgang, Iron nanoparticles in carbon nanotubes at various temperatures, 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.11.393
Zhang, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 9, 1851 (1997)
Ul’yanov A. I., Elsukov E. P., Chulkina A. A., Zagainov A. V., Arsent’eva N. B., Konygin G. N., Novikov V. F., Isakov V. V., The role of cementite in the formation of magnetic hysteresis properties of plastically deformed high-carbon steels: I. Magnetic properties and structural state of cementite, 10.1134/s1061830906070047
Bahr Jeffrey L., Tour James M., Highly Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes Using in Situ Generated Diazonium Compounds, 10.1021/cm0109903
Marega Riccardo, Karmani Linda, Flamant Lionel, Nageswaran Praveen Ganesh, Valembois Vanessa, Masereel Bernard, Feron Olivier, Borght Thierry Vander, Lucas Stephane, Michiels Carine, Gallez Bernard, Bonifazi Davide, Antibody-functionalized polymer-coated gold nanoparticles targeting cancer cells: an in vitro and in vivo study, 10.1039/c2jm33482h
Arruebo Manuel, Fernández-Pacheco Rodrigo, Ibarra M. Ricardo, Santamaría Jesús, Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery, 10.1016/s1748-0132(07)70084-1
Shubayev Veronica I., Pisanic Thomas R., Jin Sungho, Magnetic nanoparticles for theragnostics, 10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.007
Gu Hongwei, Xu Keming, Xu Chenjie, Xu Bing, Biofunctional magnetic nanoparticles for protein separation and pathogen detection, 10.1039/b514130c
Bucak S., Jones D.A., Laibinis P.E., Hatton T.A., Protein Separations Using Colloidal Magnetic Nanoparticles, 10.1021/bp0200853
Lartigue Lenaic, Innocenti Claudia, Kalaivani Thangavel, Awwad Azzam, Sanchez Duque Maria del Mar, Guari Yannick, Larionova Joulia, Guérin Christian, Montero Jean-Louis Georges, Barragan-Montero Véronique, Arosio Paolo, Lascialfari Alessandro, Gatteschi Dante, Sangregorio Claudio, Water-Dispersible Sugar-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. An Evaluation of their Relaxometric and Magnetic Hyperthermia Properties, 10.1021/ja111448t
Gonzales-Weimuller Marcela, Zeisberger Matthias, Krishnan Kannan M., Size-dependant heating rates of iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic fluid hyperthermia, 10.1016/j.jmmm.2008.12.017
Kumar Challa S.S.R., Mohammad Faruq, Magnetic nanomaterials for hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug delivery, 10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.008
Kallumadil Mathew, Tada Masaru, Nakagawa Takashi, Abe Masanori, Southern Paul, Pankhurst Quentin A., Suitability of commercial colloids for magnetic hyperthermia, 10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.02.075
Ma Ming, Wu Ya, Zhou Jie, Sun Yongkang, Zhang Yu, Gu Ning, Size dependence of specific power absorption of Fe3O4 particles in AC magnetic field, 10.1016/s0304-8853(03)00426-8
Min Kyoung Ah, Shin Meong Cheol, Yu Faquan, Yang Meizhu, David Allan E., Yang Victor C., Rosania Gus R., Pulsed Magnetic Field Improves the Transport of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles through Cell Barriers, 10.1021/nn3057565
Bibliographic reference
Pineux, F. ; Marega, R. ; Stopin, A. ; La Torre, A. ; Garcia, Yann ; et. al. Biotechnological promises of Fe-filled CNTs for cell shepherding and magnetic fluid hyperthermia applications. In: Nanoscale, Vol. 7, p. 20474-20488 (2015)