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Urinary trace element concentrations in environmental settings: is there a value for systematic creatinine adjustment or do we introduce a bias?

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Hoet, Perrine [UCL] Deumer, Gladys [UCL] Bernard, Alfred [UCL] Lison, Dominique [UCL] Haufroid, Vincent [UCL]

Systematic creatinine adjustment of urinary concentrations of biomarkers has been a challenge over the past years because the assumption of a constant creatinine excretion rate appears erroneous and the issue of overadjustment has recently emerged. This study aimed at determining whether systematic creatinine adjustment is to be recommended for urinary concentrations of trace elements (TEs) in environmental settings. Paired 24-h collection and random spot urine samples (spotU) were obtained from 39 volunteers not occupationally exposed to TEs. Four models to express TEs concentration in spotU were tested to predict the 24-h excretion rate of these TEs (TEμg/24h) considered as the gold standard reference: absolute concentration (TEμg/l); ratio to creatinine (TEμg/gcr); TEμg/gcr adjusted to creatinine (TEμg/gcr-adj); and concentration adjusted to specific gravity (TEμg/l-SG). As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Sb, Se, Te, V and Zn were analyzed by inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry. There was no single pattern of relationship between urinary TEs concentrations in spotU and TEμg/24h. TEμg/l predicted TEμg/24h with an explained variance ranging from 0 to 60%. Creatinine adjustment improved the explained variance by an additional 5 to ~60% for many TEs, but with a risk of overadjustment for the most of them. This issue could be addressed by adjusting TE concentrations on the basis of the regression coefficient of the relationship between TEμg/gcr and creatinine concentration. SG adjustment was as suitable as creatinine adjustment to predict TEμg/24h with no SG-overadjustment (except V). Regarding Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Te, none of the models were found to reflect TEμg/24h. In the context of environmental exposure, systematic creatinine adjustment is not recommended for urinary concentrations of TEs. SG adjustment appears to be a more reliable alternative. For some TEs, however, neither methods appear suitable.Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology advance online publication, 1 April 2015; doi:10.1038/jes.2015.23.

Document type Article de périodique (Journal article) – Article de recherche
Publication date 2016
Language Anglais
Journal information "Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology" - Vol. 26, no. 3, p. 296-302 (2016)
Peer reviewed yes
Publisher Nature Publishing Group ((United Kingdom) London)
issn 1559-0631
e-issn 1559-064X
Publication status Publié
Affiliations UCL - (SLuc) Service de biochimie médicale
UCL - SSS/IREC/LTAP - Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Keywords Biomonitoring ; Metals ; Personal exposure
Links
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Bibliographic reference Hoet, Perrine ; Deumer, Gladys ; Bernard, Alfred ; Lison, Dominique ; Haufroid, Vincent. Urinary trace element concentrations in environmental settings: is there a value for systematic creatinine adjustment or do we introduce a bias?. In: Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, Vol. 26, no. 3, p. 296-302 (2016)
Permanent URL http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/168561