User menu

Accès à distance ? S'identifier sur le proxy UCLouvain

Baseline diabetes as a way to predict CV outcomes in a lipid-modifying trial: A meta-analysis of 330,376 patients from 47 landmark studies

Primary tabs

download
  • Open access
  • PDF
  • 659.97 K
Hermans, Michel [UCL] Bouenizabila, Evariste Amoussou-guenou, Daniel K. Ahn, Sylvie A. [UCL] Rousseau, Michel [UCL]

Background: Diabetes is a major cardiovascular risk factor. However, its influence on the rate of occurrence of cardiovascular (CV) events during a clinical trial that included a diabetes subgroup has not yet been quantified. Aims: To establish equations relating baseline diabetes prevalence and incident CV events, based on comparator arms data of major lipid-modifying trials. Methods: Meta-analysis of primary outcomes (PO) rates of key prospective trials, for which the baseline proportion of diabetics was reported, including studies having specifically reported CV outcomes within their diabetic subgroups. Results: 47 studies, representing 330,376 patients (among whom 124,115 diabetics), were analyzed as regards the relationship between CV outcomes rates (including CHD) and the number of diabetics enrolled. Altogether, a total of 18,445 and 16,156 events occurred in the comparator and treatment arms, respectively. There were significant linear relationships between diabetes prevalence and both PO and CHD rates (%/year): y = 0.0299*x + 3.12 [PO] (p = 0.0128); and y = 0.0531*x + 1.54 [CHD] (p = 0.0094), baseline diabetes predicting PO rates between 3.12 %/year (no diabetic included) and 6.11 %/year (all patients diabetic); and CHD rates between 1.54 %/year (no diabetic) and 6.85 %/year (all patients diabetic). The slopes of the equations did not differ according to whether they were derived from primary or secondary prevention trials. Conclusions: Absolute and relative CV risk associated with diabetes at inclusion can be readily predicted using linear equations relating diabetes prevalence to primary outcomes or CHD rates.

Document type Article de périodique (Journal article) – Article de recherche
Access type Accès libre
Publication date 2015
Language Anglais
Journal information "Cardiovascular Diabetology" - Vol. 14, p. 60 [1-14] (2015)
Peer reviewed yes
Publisher BioMed Central ((United Kingdom) London)
e-issn 1475-2840
Publication status Publié
Affiliations UCL - (SLuc) Service d'endocrinologie et de nutrition
UCL - SSS/IREC/CARD - Pôle de recherche cardiovasculaire
UCL - SSS/IREC/EDIN - Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition
UCL - (SLuc) Service de cardiologie
Links
  1. Hermans MP, Ahn SA, Rousseau MF. Effect of lipid management on coronary heart disease risk in patients with diabetes. In: McGuire DK, Nikolaus M, editors. Diabetes in Cardiovascular Disease. A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015. p. 181–202.
  2. Haffner Steven M., Lehto Seppo, Rönnemaa Tapani, Pyörälä Kalevi, Laakso Markku, Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes and in Nondiabetic Subjects with and without Prior Myocardial Infarction, 10.1056/nejm199807233390404
  3. Juutilainen A., Lehto S., Ronnemaa T., Pyorala K., Laakso M., Type 2 Diabetes as a "Coronary Heart Disease Equivalent": An 18-year prospective population-based study in Finnish subjects, 10.2337/diacare.28.12.2901
  4. Buyken Anette E., von Eckardstein Arnold, Schulte Helmut, Cullen Paul, Assmann Gerd, Type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of coronary heart disease: results of the 10-year follow-up of the PROCAM study, 10.1097/hjr.0b013e3280142037
  5. , Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18 686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis, 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60104-x
  6. Mazzone Theodore, Chait Alan, Plutzky Jorge, Cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus: insights from mechanistic studies, 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60768-0
  7. Schramm T. K., Gislason G. H., Kober L., Rasmussen S., Rasmussen J. N., Abildstrom S. Z., Hansen M. L., Folke F., Buch P., Madsen M., Vaag A., Torp-Pedersen C., Diabetes Patients Requiring Glucose-Lowering Therapy and Nondiabetics With a Prior Myocardial Infarction Carry the Same Cardiovascular Risk: A Population Study of 3.3 Million People, 10.1161/circulationaha.107.720847
  8. Fruchart Jean-Charles, Sacks Frank M, Hermans Michel P, Assmann Gerd, Brown W Virgil, Ceska Richard, Chapman M John, Dodson Paul M, Fioretto Paola, Ginsberg Henry N, Kadowaki Takashi, Lablanche Jean-Marc, Marx Nikolaus, Plutzky Jorge, Reiner Zeljko, Rosenson Robert S, Staels Bart, Stock Jane K, Sy Rody, Wanner Christoph, Zambon Alberto, Zimmet Paul, The Residual Risk Reduction Initiative: a call to action to reduce residual vascular risk in dyslipidaemic patients, 10.3132/dvdr.2008.046
  9. Hermans MP, Ahn SA, Rousseau MF. Residual vascular risk in T2DM: the next frontier. In: Mark B, editor. Recent Advances in the Pathogenesis, Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes and its Complications. Croatia: Zimering, Intech, Rijeka; 2011. p. 45–66.
  10. Fruchart Jean-Charles, Davignon Jean, Hermans Michel P, Al-Rubeaan Khalid, Amarenco Pierre, Assmann Gerd, Barter Philip, Betteridge John, Bruckert Eric, Cuevas Ada, Farnier Michel, Ferrannini Ele, Fioretto Paola, Genest Jacques, Ginsberg Henry N, Gotto Antonio M, Hu Dayi, Kadowaki Takashi, Kodama Tatsuhiko, Krempf Michel, Matsuzawa Yuji, Núñez-Cortés Jesús, Monfil Carlos, Ogawa Hisao, Plutzky Jorge, Rader Daniel J, Sadikot Shaukat, Santos Raul D, Shlyakhto Evgeny, Sritara Piyamitr, Sy Rody, Tall Alan, Tan Chee, Tokgözoğlu Lale, Toth Peter P, Valensi Paul, Wanner Christoph, Zambon Alberto, Zhu Junren, Zimmet Paul, , Residual macrovascular risk in 2013: what have we learned?, 10.1186/1475-2840-13-26
  11. Wanner Christoph, Krane Vera, März Winfried, Olschewski Manfred, Mann Johannes F.E., Ruf Günther, Ritz Eberhard, Atorvastatin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Undergoing Hemodialysis, 10.1056/nejmoa043545
  12. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344:1383–9.
  13. Kjekshus John, Pedersen Terje R., Reducing the risk of coronary events: Evidence from the Scandinavian Simvastatin survival study (4S), 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80473-1
  14. Pyorala K., Pedersen T. R., Kjekshus J., Faergeman O., Olsson A. G., Thorgeirsson G., , Cholesterol Lowering With Simvastatin Improves Prognosis of Diabetic Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S), 10.2337/diacare.20.4.614
  15. The ACCORD Study Group. Action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes (ACCORD) trial: Design and Methods. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:21j–33.
  16. Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, 10.1056/nejmoa1001282
  17. Griffin Simon J, Borch-Johnsen Knut, Davies Melanie J, Khunti Kamlesh, Rutten Guy EHM, Sandbæk Annelli, Sharp Stephen J, Simmons Rebecca K, van den Donk Maureen, Wareham Nicholas J, Lauritzen Torsten, Effect of early intensive multifactorial therapy on 5-year cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes detected by screening (ADDITION-Europe): a cluster-randomised trial, 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60698-3
  18. Van den Donk Maureen, Griffin Simon J., Stellato Rebecca K., Simmons Rebecca K., Sandbæk Annelli, Lauritzen Torsten, Khunti Kamlesh, Davies Melanie J., Borch-Johnsen Knut, Wareham Nicholas J., Rutten Guy E. H. M., Effect of early intensive multifactorial therapy compared with routine care on self-reported health status, general well-being, diabetes-specific quality of life and treatment satisfaction in screen-detected type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (ADDITION-Europe): a cluster-randomised trial, 10.1007/s00125-013-3011-0
  19. Downs John R, Beere Polly A, Whitney Edwin, Clearfield Michael, Weis Stephen, Rochen Jeffrey, Stein Evan A, Shapiro Deborah R, Langendorfer Alexandra, Gotto Antonio M, Design & Rationale of the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS), 10.1016/s0002-9149(97)00347-0
  20. Downs John R., Clearfield Michael, Weis Stephen, Whitney Edwin, Shapiro Deborah R., Beere Polly A., Langendorfer Alexandra, Stein Evan A., Kruyer William, Gotto, Jr Antonio M., for the AFCAPS/TexCAPS Research Group, Primary Prevention of Acute Coronary Events With Lovastatin in Men and Women With Average Cholesterol Levels : Results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS, 10.1001/jama.279.20.1615
  21. The role of niacin in raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to reduce cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and optimally treated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: Baseline characteristics of study participants. The Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic syndrome with low HDL/high triglycerides: Impact on Global Health outcomes (AIM-HIGH) trial, 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.12.007
  22. , Niacin in Patients with Low HDL Cholesterol Levels Receiving Intensive Statin Therapy, 10.1056/nejmoa1107579
  23. Lincoff A. Michael, Tardif Jean-Claude, Neal Bruce, Nicholls Stephen J., Rydén Lars, Schwartz Gregory G., Malmberg Klas, Buse John B., Henry Robert R., Wedel Hans, Weichert Arlette, Cannata Ruth, Grobbee Diederick E., Evaluation of the dual peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α/γ agonist aleglitazar to reduce cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Rationale and design of the AleCardio trial, 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.05.013
  24. Lincoff A. Michael, Tardif Jean-Claude, Schwartz Gregory G., Nicholls Stephen J., Rydén Lars, Neal Bruce, Malmberg Klas, Wedel Hans, Buse John B., Henry Robert R., Weichert Arlette, Cannata Ruth, Svensson Anders, Volz Dietmar, Grobbee Diederick E., Effect of Aleglitazar on Cardiovascular Outcomes After Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus : The AleCardio Randomized Clinical Trial, 10.1001/jama.2014.3321
  25. Holdaas Hallvard, Fellström Bengt, Jardine Alan G, Holme Ingar, Nyberg Gudrun, Fauchald Per, Grönhagen-Riska Carola, Madsen Søren, Neumayer Hans-Hellmut, Cole Edward, Maes Bart, Ambuhl Patrice, Olsson Anders G, Hartmann Anders, Solbu Dag O, Pedersen Terje R, Effect of fluvastatin on cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipients: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13638-0
  26. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group, Major Outcomes in Moderately Hypercholesterolemic, Hypertensive Patients Randomized to Pravastatin vs Usual Care: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT), 10.1001/jama.288.23.2998
  27. Kromhout Daan, Giltay Erik J., Geleijnse Johanna M., n–3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Events after Myocardial Infarction, 10.1056/nejmoa1003603
  28. Sever Peter S, Dahlöf Björn, Poulter Neil R, Wedel Hans, Beevers Gareth, Caulfield Mark, Collins Rory, Kjeldsen Sverre E, Kristinsson Arni, McInnes Gordon T, Mehlsen Jesper, Nieminen Markku, O'Brien Eoin, Östergren Jan, Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial, 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12948-0
  29. Sever P. S., Poulter N. R., Dahlof B., Wedel H., Collins R., Beevers G., Caulfield M., Kjeldsen S. E., Kristinsson A., McInnes G. T., Mehlsen J., Nieminen M., O'Brien E., Ostergren J., , Reduction in Cardiovascular Events With Atorvastatin in 2,532 Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid-Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA), 10.2337/diacare.28.5.1151
  30. Knopp R. H., d'Emden M., Smilde J. G., Pocock S. J., , Efficacy and Safety of Atorvastatin in the Prevention of Cardiovascular End Points in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes: The Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (ASPEN), 10.2337/dc05-2415
  31. Fellström Bengt C., Jardine Alan G., Schmieder Roland E., Holdaas Hallvard, Bannister Kym, Beutler Jaap, Chae Dong-Wan, Chevaile Alejandro, Cobbe Stuart M., Grönhagen-Riska Carola, De Lima José J., Lins Robert, Mayer Gert, McMahon Alan W., Parving Hans-Henrik, Remuzzi Giuseppe, Samuelsson Ola, Sonkodi Sandor, Süleymanlar Gultekin, Tsakiris Dimitrios, Tesar Vladimir, Todorov Vasil, Wiecek Andrzej, Wüthrich Rudolf P., Gottlow Mattis, Johnsson Eva, Zannad Faiez, Rosuvastatin and Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis, 10.1056/nejmoa0810177
  32. Holdaas H., Holme I., Schmieder R. E., Jardine A. G., Zannad F., Norby G. E., Fellstrom B. C., , Rosuvastatin in Diabetic Hemodialysis Patients, 10.1681/asn.2010090987
  33. Secondary Prevention by Raising HDL Cholesterol and Reducing Triglycerides in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease : The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) Study, 10.1161/01.cir.102.1.21
  34. Goldenberg Ilan, Boyko Valentina, Tennenbaum Alexander, Tanne David, Behar Solomon, Guetta Victor, Long-term Benefit of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol–Raising Therapy With Bezafibrate : 16-Year Mortality Follow-up of the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Trial, 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.584
  35. Colhoun Helen M, Betteridge D John, Durrington Paul N, Hitman Graham A, W Neil H Andrew, Livingstone Shona J, Thomason Margaret J, Mackness Michael I, Charlton-Menys Valentine, Fuller John H, Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial, 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16895-5
  36. Sacks Frank M., Pfeffer Marc A., Moye Lemuel A., Rouleau Jean L., Rutherford John D., Cole Thomas G., Brown Lisa, Warnica J. Wayne, Arnold J. Malcolm O., Wun Chuan-Chuan, Davis Barry R., Braunwald Eugene, The Effect of Pravastatin on Coronary Events after Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Average Cholesterol Levels, 10.1056/nejm199610033351401
  37. Lewis Sandra J., Sacks Frank M., Mitchell Jayne S., East Cara, Glasser Stephen, Kell Sheren, Letterer Rebecca, Limacher Marian, Moye Lemuel A., Rouleau Jean L., Pfeffer Marc A., Braunwald Eugene, Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in women after myocardial infarction: the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial, 10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00202-2
  38. Goldberg R. B., Mellies M. J., Sacks F. M., Moye L. A., Howard B. V., Howard W. J., Davis B. R., Cole T. G., Pfeffer M. A., Braunwald E., Cardiovascular Events and Their Reduction With Pravastatin in Diabetic and Glucose-Intolerant Myocardial Infarction Survivors With Average Cholesterol Levels : Subgroup Analyses in the Cholesterol And Recurrent Events (CARE) Trial, 10.1161/01.cir.98.23.2513
  39. Clofibrate and Niacin in Coronary Heart Disease, 10.1001/jama.1975.03240160024021
  40. Canner Paul L., Berge Kenneth G., Wenger Nanette K., Stamler Jeremiah, Friedman Lawrence, Prineas Ronald J., Friedewald William, Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: Long-term benefit with niacin, 10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80293-5
  41. Schwartz Gregory G., Olsson Anders G., Ballantyne Christie M., Barter Phillip J., Holme Ingar M., Kallend David, Leiter Lawrence A., Leitersdorf Eran, McMurray John J.V., Shah Prediman K., Tardif Jean-Claude, Chaitman Bernard R., Duttlinger-Maddux Regina, Mathieson John, Rationale and design of the dal-OUTCOMES trial: Efficacy and safety of dalcetrapib in patients with recent acute coronary syndrome, 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.09.017
  42. Schwartz Gregory G., Olsson Anders G., Abt Markus, Ballantyne Christie M., Barter Philip J., Brumm Jochen, Chaitman Bernard R., Holme Ingar M., Kallend David, Leiter Lawrence A., Leitersdorf Eran, McMurray John J.V., Mundl Hardi, Nicholls Stephen J., Shah Prediman K., Tardif Jean-Claude, Wright R. Scott, Effects of Dalcetrapib in Patients with a Recent Acute Coronary Syndrome, 10.1056/nejmoa1206797
  43. Hanefeld M., Fischer S., Schmechel H., Rothe G., Schulze J., Dude H., Schwanebeck U., Julius U., Diabetes Intervention Study: Multi-Intervention Trial in Newly Diagnosed NIDDM, 10.2337/diacare.14.4.308
  44. 10.1186/1475-2840-4-13
  45. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial, 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67667-2
  46. Scott R., O'Brien R., Fulcher G., Pardy C., d'Emden M., Tse D., Taskinen M.-R., Ehnholm C., Keech A., , Effects of Fenofibrate Treatment on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in 9,795 Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Various Components of the Metabolic Syndrome: The Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study, 10.2337/dc08-1543
  47. GISSI. Prevenzione Investigators (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Soprovvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico): Results of the low-dose (20 mg) pravastatin GISSI Prevenzione trial in 4271 patients with recent myocardial infarction: do stopped trials contribute to overall knowledge? Ital Heart J. 2000;1:810–20.
  48. Athyros Vasilios G., Papageorgiou Athanasios A., Mercouris Bodosakis R., Athyrou Valasia V., Symeonidis Athanasios N., Basayannis Elias O., Demitriadis Dimokritos S., Kontopoulos Athanasios G., Treatment with Atorvastatin to the National Cholesterol Educational Program Goal Versus 'Usual' Care in Secondary Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, 10.1185/030079902125000787
  49. Athyros Vasilios G., Papageorgiou Athanasios A., Symeonidis Athanasios N., Didangelos Triandafillos P., Pehlivanidis Anthimos N., Bouloukos Vasilios I., Mikhailidis Dimitrios P., Early Benefit from Structured Care with Atorvastatin in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Diabetes Mellitus : A Subgroup Analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study, 10.1177/000331970305400607
  50. Brown B. Greg, Zhao Xue-Qiao, Chait Alan, Fisher Lloyd D., Cheung Marian C., Morse Josh S., Dowdy Alice A., Marino Emily K., Bolson Edward L., Alaupovic Petar, Frohlich Jiri, Serafini Leny, Huss-Frechette Ellen, Wang Shari, DeAngelis Debbie, Dodek Arthur, Albers John J., Simvastatin and Niacin, Antioxidant Vitamins, or the Combination for the Prevention of Coronary Disease, 10.1056/nejmoa011090
  51. Frick M. Heikki, Elo Olli, Haapa Kauko, Heinonen Olli P., Heinsalmi Pertti, Helo Pekka, Huttunen Jussi K., Kaitaniemi Pertti, Koskinen Pekka, Manninen Vesa, Mäenpää Hanna, Mälkönen Marjatta, Mänttäri Matti, Norola Seppo, Pasternack Amos, Pikkarainen Jarmo, Romo Matti, Sjöblom Tom, Nikkilä Esko A., Helsinki Heart Study: Primary-Prevention Trial with Gemfibrozil in Middle-Aged Men with Dyslipidemia, 10.1056/nejm198711123172001
  52. Koskinen P., Manttari M., Manninen V., Huttunen J. K., Heinonen O. P., Frick M. H., Coronary Heart Disease Incidence in NIDDM Patients In The Helsinki Heart Study, 10.2337/diacare.15.7.820
  53. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebocontrolled trial, 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09327-3
  54. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial, 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13636-7
  55. , Haynes R., Jiang L., Hopewell J. C., Li J., Chen F., Parish S., Landray M. J., Collins R., Armitage J., Collins R., Armitage J., Baigent C., Chen Z., Landray M., Chen Y., Jiang L., Pedersen T., Landray M., Bowman L., Chen F., Hill M., Haynes R., Knott C., Rahimi K., Tobert J., Sleight P., Simpson D., Parish S., Baxter A., Lay M., Bray C., Wincott E., Leijenhorst G., Skattebol A., Moen G., Mitchel Y., Kuznetsova O., MacMahon S., Kjekshus J., Hill C., Lam T. H., Sandercock P., Peto R., Hopewell J. C., HPS2-THRIVE randomized placebo-controlled trial in 25 673 high-risk patients of ER niacin/laropiprant: trial design, pre-specified muscle and liver outcomes, and reasons for stopping study treatment, 10.1093/eurheartj/eht055
  56. Pedersen Terje R., Faergeman Ole, Kastelein John J.P., Olsson Anders G., Tikkanen Matti J., Holme Ingar, Larsen Mogens Lytken, Bendiksen Fredrik S., Lindahl Christina, Palmer Gary, Design and baseline characteristics of the Incremental Decrease in End Points through Aggressive Lipid Lowering study, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.06.003
  57. Pedersen Terje R., High-Dose Atorvastatin vs Usual-Dose Simvastatin for Secondary Prevention After Myocardial InfarctionThe IDEAL Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial, 10.1001/jama.294.19.2437
  58. Barter Philip J., Caulfield Mark, Eriksson Mats, Grundy Scott M., Kastelein John J.P., Komajda Michel, Lopez-Sendon Jose, Mosca Lori, Tardif Jean-Claude, Waters David D., Shear Charles L., Revkin James H., Buhr Kevin A., Fisher Marian R., Tall Alan R., Brewer Bryan, Effects of Torcetrapib in Patients at High Risk for Coronary Events, 10.1056/nejmoa0706628
  59. Yokoyama Mitsuhiro, Origasa Hideki, Matsuzaki Masunori, Matsuzawa Yuji, Saito Yasushi, Ishikawa Yuichi, Oikawa Shinichi, Sasaki Jun, Hishida Hitoshi, Itakura Hiroshige, Kita Toru, Kitabatake Akira, Nakaya Noriaki, Sakata Toshiie, Shimada Kazuyuki, Shirato Kunio, Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis, 10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60527-3
  60. Meade Thomas W, 10.1186/cvm-2-4-195
  61. Meade T., Bezafibrate in men with lower extremity arterial disease: randomised controlled trial, 10.1136/bmj.325.7373.1139
  62. Design features and baseline characteristics of the LIPID (long-term intervention with pravastatin in ischemic disease) study: A randomized trial in patients with previous acute myocardial infarction and/or unstable angina pectoris, 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80133-7
  63. Prevention of Cardiovascular Events and Death with Pravastatin in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and a Broad Range of Initial Cholesterol Levels, 10.1056/nejm199811053391902
  64. Long-term effectiveness and safety of pravastatin in 9014 patients with coronary heart disease and average cholesterol concentrations: the LIPID trial follow-up, 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08351-4
  65. Serruys Patrick W. J. C., Fluvastatin for Prevention of Cardiac Events Following Successful First Percutaneous Coronary InterventionA Randomized Controlled Trial, 10.1001/jama.287.24.3215
  66. Nakamura Haruo, Arakawa Kikuo, Itakura Hiroshige, Kitabatake Akira, Goto Yoshio, Toyota Takayoshi, Nakaya Noriaki, Nishimoto Shoji, Muranaka Masaharu, Yamamoto Akira, Mizuno Kyoichi, Ohashi Yasuo, Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA Study): a prospective randomised controlled trial, 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69472-5
  67. , n–3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Dysglycemia, 10.1056/nejmoa1203859
  68. Bousser Marie-Germaine, Amarenco Pierre, Chamorro Angel, Fisher Marc, Ford Ian, Fox Kim M, Hennerici Michael G, Mattle Heinrich P, Rothwell Peter M, de Cordoüe Agnès, Fratacci Marie-Dominique, Terutroban versus aspirin in patients with cerebral ischaemic events (PERFORM): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group trial, 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60600-4
  69. The Effect of Aggressive Lowering of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Low-Dose Anticoagulation on Obstructive Changes in Saphenous-Vein Coronary-Artery Bypass Grafts, 10.1056/nejm199701163360301
  70. Knatterud G. L., Rosenberg Y., Campeau L., Geller N. L., Hunninghake D. B., Forman S. A., Forrester J. S., Gobel F. L., Herd J. A., Hickey A., Hoogwerf B. J., Terrin M. L., White C., Long-Term Effects on Clinical Outcomes of Aggressive Lowering of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Low-Dose Anticoagulation in the Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial, 10.1161/01.cir.102.2.157
  71. Estruch Ramón, Ros Emilio, Salas-Salvadó Jordi, Covas Maria-Isabel, Corella Dolores, Arós Fernando, Gómez-Gracia Enrique, Ruiz-Gutiérrez Valentina, Fiol Miquel, Lapetra José, Lamuela-Raventos Rosa Maria, Serra-Majem Lluís, Pintó Xavier, Basora Josep, Muñoz Miguel Angel, Sorlí José V., Martínez José Alfredo, Martínez-González Miguel Angel, Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet, 10.1056/nejmoa1200303
  72. Charbonnel B., Dormandy J., Erdmann E., Massi-Benedetti M., Skene A., The Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events (PROactive): Can pioglitazone reduce cardiovascular events in diabetes? Study design and baseline characteristics of 5,238 patients, 10.2337/diacare.27.7.1647
  73. Dormandy John A, Charbonnel Bernard, Eckland David JA, Erdmann Erland, Massi-Benedetti Massimo, Moules Ian K, Skene Allan M, Tan Meng H, Lefèbvre Pierre J, Murray Gordon D, Standl Eberhard, Wilcox Robert G, Wilhelmsen Lars, Betteridge John, Birkeland Kåre, Golay Alain, Heine Robert J, Korányi László, Laakso Markku, Mokáň Marián, Norkus Antanas, Pirags Valdis, Podar Toomas, Scheen André, Scherbaum Werner, Schernthaner Guntram, Schmitz Ole, Škrha Jan, Smith Ulf, Tatoň Jan, Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial, 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67528-9
  74. Yoshii H, Onuma T, Yamazaki T, Watada H, Matsuhisa M, Matsumoto M, et al. Effects of pioglitazone on macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at high risk of stroke: the PROFIT-J study. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2014;21:563–73.
  75. Shepherd James, Blauw Gerard J, Murphy Michael B, Bollen Edward LEM, Buckley Brendan M, Cobbe Stuart M, Ford Ian, Gaw Allan, Hyland Michael, Jukema J Wouter, Kamper Adriaan M, Macfarlane Peter W, Meinders A Edo, Norrie John, Packard Chris J, Perry Ivan J, Stott David J, Sweeney Brian J, Twomey Gillian, Westendorp Rudi GJ, Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial, 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11600-x
  76. , Efficacy of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and feasibility of optimizing preventive strategies in patients at high cardiovascular risk: rationale, design and baseline characteristics of the Rischio and Prevenzione study, a large randomised trial in general practice, 10.1186/1745-6215-11-68
  77. , n–3 Fatty Acids in Patients with Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors, 10.1056/nejmoa1205409
  78. Baigent Colin, Landray Martin J, Reith Christina, Emberson Jonathan, Wheeler David C, Tomson Charles, Wanner Christoph, Krane Vera, Cass Alan, Craig Jonathan, Neal Bruce, Jiang Lixin, Hooi Lai Seong, Levin Adeera, Agodoa Lawrence, Gaziano Mike, Kasiske Bertram, Walker Robert, Massy Ziad A, Feldt-Rasmussen Bo, Krairittichai Udom, Ophascharoensuk Vuddidhej, Fellström Bengt, Holdaas Hallvard, Tesar Vladimir, Wiecek Andrzej, Grobbee Diederick, de Zeeuw Dick, Grönhagen-Riska Carola, Dasgupta Tanaji, Lewis David, Herrington William, Mafham Marion, Majoni William, Wallendszus Karl, Grimm Richard, Pedersen Terje, Tobert Jonathan, Armitage Jane, Baxter Alex, Bray Christopher, Chen Yiping, Chen Zhengming, Hill Michael, Knott Carol, Parish Sarah, Simpson David, Sleight Peter, Young Alan, Collins Rory, The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial, 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60739-3
  79. White Harvey, Held Claes, Stewart Ralph, Watson David, Harrington Robert, Budaj Andrzej, Steg Ph. Gabriel, Cannon Christopher P., Krug-Gourley Susan, Wittes Janet, Trivedi Trupti, Tarka Elizabeth, Wallentin Lars, Study design and rationale for the clinical outcomes of the STABILITY Trial (STabilization of Atherosclerotic plaque By Initiation of darapLadIb TherapY) comparing darapladib versus placebo in patients with coronary heart disease, 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.07.006
  80. , Darapladib for Preventing Ischemic Events in Stable Coronary Heart Disease, 10.1056/nejmoa1315878
  81. Gæde Peter, Lund-Andersen Henrik, Parving Hans-Henrik, Pedersen Oluf, Effect of a Multifactorial Intervention on Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes, 10.1056/nejmoa0706245
  82. Waters David D, Guyton John R, Herrington David M, McGowan Mary P, Wenger Nanette K, Shear Charles, Treating to New Targets (TNT) Study: does lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels below currently recommended guidelines yield incremental clinical benefit?, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.09.031
  83. LaRosa John C., Grundy Scott M., Waters David D., Shear Charles, Barter Philip, Fruchart Jean-Charles, Gotto Antonio M., Greten Heiner, Kastelein John J.P., Shepherd James, Wenger Nanette K., Intensive Lipid Lowering with Atorvastatin in Patients with Stable Coronary Disease, 10.1056/nejmoa050461
  84. Shepherd J., Kastelein J. J.P., Bittner V., Deedwania P., Breazna A., Dobson S., Wilson D. J., Zuckerman A., Wenger N. K., , Effect of Intensive Lipid Lowering with Atorvastatin on Renal Function in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: The Treating to New Targets (TNT) Study, 10.2215/cjn.04371206
  85. Barter Philip, Gotto Antonio M., LaRosa John C., Maroni Jaman, Szarek Michael, Grundy Scott M., Kastelein John J.P., Bittner Vera, Fruchart Jean-Charles, HDL Cholesterol, Very Low Levels of LDL Cholesterol, and Cardiovascular Events, 10.1056/nejmoa064278
  86. Shepherd J., Barter P., Carmena R., Deedwania P., Fruchart J.-C., Haffner S., Hsia J., Breazna A., LaRosa J., Grundy S., Waters D., , Effect of Lowering LDL Cholesterol Substantially Below Currently Recommended Levels in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease and Diabetes: The Treating to New Targets (TNT) study, 10.2337/dc05-2465
  87. , The Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease With Clofibrate: Final Report of the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study of Atherosclerosis, Neurology Section, 10.1161/01.str.4.4.684
  88. Rubins Hanna Bloomfield, Robins Sander J., Collins Dorothea, Fye Carol L., Anderson James W., Elam Marshall B., Faas Fred H., Linares Esteban, Schaefer Ernst J., Schectman Gordon, Wilt Timothy J., Wittes Janet, Gemfibrozil for the Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Men with Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, 10.1056/nejm199908053410604
  89. Robins Sander J., Collins Dorothea, Wittes Janet T., Papademetriou Vasilios, Deedwania Prakash C., Schaefer Ernst J., McNamara Judith R., Kashyap Moti L., Hershman Jerome M., Wexler Laura F., Rubins Hanna Bloomfield, for the VA-HIT Study Group, Relation of Gemfibrozil Treatment and Lipid Levels With Major Coronary Events : VA-HIT: A Randomized Controlled Trial, 10.1001/jama.285.12.1585
  90. Rubins Hanna Bloomfield, Diabetes, Plasma Insulin, and Cardiovascular Disease : Subgroup Analysis From the Department of Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial (VA-HIT), 10.1001/archinte.162.22.2597
  91. Costa J., Efficacy of lipid lowering drug treatment for diabetic and non-diabetic patients: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, 10.1136/bmj.38793.468449.ae
  92. Ofstad Anne, Gullestad Lars, Orvik Elsa, Aakhus Svend, Endresen Knut, Ueland Thor, Aukrust Pål, Fagerland Morten W, Birkeland Kåre I, Johansen Odd, Interleukin-6 and activin A are independently associated with cardiovascular events and mortality in type 2 diabetes: the prospective Asker and Bærum Cardiovascular Diabetes (ABCD) cohort study, 10.1186/1475-2840-12-126
  93. Jiao Fang Fang, Fung Colman Siu Cheung, Wong Carlos King Ho, Wan Yuk Fai, Dai Daisy, Kwok Ruby, Lam Cindy Lo Kuen, Effects of the Multidisciplinary Risk Assessment and Management Program for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (RAMP-DM) on biomedical outcomes, observed cardiovascular events and cardiovascular risks in primary care: a longitudinal comparative study, 10.1186/s12933-014-0127-6
  94. Wang Yujie, Lammi-Keefe Carol J., Hou Lifang, Hu Gang, Impact of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on cardiovascular outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.07.009
  95. Rousan Talla A., Pappy Reji M., Chen Anita Y., Roe Matthew T., Saucedo Jorge F., Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Clinical Characteristics, Management, and In-hospital Outcomes in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction (from the NCDR), 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.07.031
  96. Fatemi Omid, Yuriditsky Eugene, Tsioufis Costas, Tsachris Demetrios, Morgan Timothy, Basile Jan, Bigger Thomas, Cushman William, Goff David, Soliman Elsayed Z., Thomas Abraham, Papademetriou Vasilios, Impact of Intensive Glycemic Control on the Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation and Associated Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study), 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.07.045
  97. Sarma Satyam, Mentz Robert J., Kwasny Mary J., Fought Angela J., Huffman Mark, Subacius Haris, Nodari Savina, Konstam Marvin, Swedberg Karl, Maggioni Aldo P., Zannad Faiez, Bonow Robert O., Gheorghiade Mihai, , Association between diabetes mellitus and post-discharge outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure: findings from the EVEREST trial, 10.1093/eurjhf/hfs153
Bibliographic reference Hermans, Michel ; Bouenizabila, Evariste ; Amoussou-guenou, Daniel K. ; Ahn, Sylvie A. ; Rousseau, Michel. Baseline diabetes as a way to predict CV outcomes in a lipid-modifying trial: A meta-analysis of 330,376 patients from 47 landmark studies. In: Cardiovascular Diabetology, Vol. 14, p. 60 [1-14] (2015)
Permanent URL http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/164386