Towards carbon neutrality: A carbon footprint assessment of Munduk Moding Plantation Nature Resort

Abstract This thesis aims to assess the carbon footprint of the Munduk Moding Plantation (MMP) Nature Resort in Bali, Indonesia, for the year 2022, contributing to its long-term goal of reducing its carbon footprint. The study begins with an examination of the global impact of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on climate change, emphasizing international efforts such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. It also reviews climate strategies at the European Union level and Indonesia’s national policies, providing a comprehensive context for the resort's environmental initiatives. Utilizing the Greenhouse Gas Protocol and the Bilan Carbone tool, this research methodically calculates the GHG emissions across various scopes and categories: direct emissions from stationary combustion sources, indirect emissions from electricity consumption, and other indirect emissions from purchased goods and services, freight, capital goods, waste generation, and transport. The results of the carbon footprint assessment reveal total emissions of 45 132 tons of CO2 equivalent with a total uncertainty of 53%. The findings indicate that while MMP is making considerable progress in implementing sustainable practices, the visitor’s transport mode is responsible for 98% of total emissions. When leaving out this category, electricity consumption becomes the main source of emissions accounting for 45% of MMP’s carbon footprint. The thesis proposes actionable recommendations, which have the potential to reduce the resort's carbon footprint by 36% by 2032. The main recommendations imply the urgent need for a shift in the resort’s customer mix, replacing guests coming from Europe and the Americas by Asian customers living closer to the resort, as well as enhancing renewable energy use. In conclusion, this assessment provides a detailed understanding of MMP’s carbon emissions and aspires to lay the groundwork for developing effective decarbonization strategies, aligning with global climate objectives. Finally, it aims to position MMP at the forefront of the sustainable tourism industry in Indonesia.